1. Introducing plants

2. Criteria for Kingdom Plantae
Cell type: Eukaryotes.
Cell number: Multicellular.
Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose.
Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic.
Carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.
Some are parasitic or saprobes.

3. Plant Life Cycle
All plants have a life cycle with alternation of generations, in which the haploid gametophyte phase alternates with the diploid sporophyte phase.

4. Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations!
Haploid (N)
Gametophyte plant (N)
Produces either sperm or eggs.
(gametes = reproductive cells)
Diploid (2N)
The sperm and egg join to create the Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid.
Egg and sperm join to create spores by meiosis.

5. Plant Survival Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis.
Minerals and water are needed to make new plant parts.
Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and cellular respiration) must occur without losing excessive amounts of water.
Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth.

6. Evolutionary Cladogram of Plants
(Angiosperms)
(Gymnosperms)
(Bryophytes)

7. Overview of the Plant Kingdom
The majority of plant life is ______________.

8. Bryophytes

9. Bryophytes (ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.
Abundant in moist environments (bogs, near streams, in rain forests) because there is no vascular tissue.
Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel.
(Angiosperms)

10. Typical Moss Plant Capsule Sporophyte Stalk Leaflike Structure
Stemlike
Rhizoid
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Typical Moss Plant

11. Life Cycle of a Moss

12. Ferns: Seedless Vascular Plants

13. What developed between plant divisions 1 and 2?
Vascular Tissue developed!
Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

14. Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns
Ex. horsetails, club mosses, ferns.
Leaves are called fronds.
Undergound stems called rhizomes .
Found in moist, shaded forest areas.
Sori – clusters of sporangia (spores on the underside of fronds).

15. Vascular Tissue
Tracheids are specialized cells that can move fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity.
Xylem (moves water upward).
Phloem (moves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant).

16. Typical Fern Plant

17. Life Cycle of a Fern

18. Gymnosperms: Seed Plants

19. Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers
Means “naked seed”.
Includes conifers (pines & spruces) and palms (cycads & ginkgoes).
Adapted seed to allow reproduction without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures.

20. Reproduction Free from Water
Second evolutionary development of plants = seeds.
Adaptations that allows seed plants to reproduce without water include:
Flowers and cones.
Transfer of sperm by pollination.
Protection of embryos in seeds.
Necessary to meet the challenges of surviving on land.

21. Diagram of a Pine Seed Embryo Endosperm Seed Coat
Growing part of seed containing:
Endosperm
Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed.
Seed Coat
Protective outer covering of the seed.
Embryo
Endosperm
Seed Coat

22. Reproduction Germination: early growth stage of a plant embryo.
Dormancy: period of time during which a plant embryo is alive but not growing.
Features that allow seeds to reproduce without water:
Reproduction in cones.
Movement of gametes by pollination.
Protection of embryo in a seed.

23. Pollination
Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.

24. Adaptations
Needles
Winged Seeds

25. Angiosperms: Flowering Plants

26. Anthophyta: Angiosperms
Dominate plant life.
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants.
has ovaries (fruit) to protect the seeds.
Attracts animals which help with pollination.

27. Diversity of Angiosperms
Can be classified into:
Stems: herbaceous vs. woody.
Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials.
monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon.

28. Monocots vs. Dicots

29. Lifespans Annuals Complete life cycle in one year. Biennials
Life cycle takes 2 years
Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves.
Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers.
Perennials
Live through many years
May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses).
Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).

30. Examples of Monocotyledons (Liliopsida)
Grasses which include grains such as corn and wheat.
Lilies.
Orchids.
Palms.

31. Examples of Dicotylendons (Magnoliopsida)
Roses
Mallows
Tomatoes
Oaks
Daisies
                            

32. Plant Parts Transport Energy Production Reproduction
Roots, stems, leaves.
Energy Production
Leaves.
Reproduction
Flowers.

33. Roots (Transport)
Taproot: primary root grows down from the stem with secondary roots forming.
ex. carrot, potato, radish
Fibrous: small lateral roots that spread out just below surface of the soil.
ex. weeds

34. 4 Root Functions Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil.
Transports water & nutrients to stem.
Anchors plant to maintain stability.
Stores food and water.

35. Structure of Roots Outermost layer of cells Site of absorption
Within cortex; contains cells for transport of water, nutrients, & minerals)
Site of absorption
Tissue that stores starch
Protection of root tip

36. Stems (Transport) Woody Herbaceous
Thick cell walls that support the plant.
Trees, shrubs, and vines.
Herbaceous
Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic pressure (turgor).
Dandilions, zinnias, petunias.

37. Stems

38. 3 Functions of Stems
Transports water & nutrients from roots to leaves.
Supports/produces leaves, branches, fruits/flowers.
Stores food.

39. Transport in Plants
Capillary action: the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube.
The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another (cohesion)and to the walls of the tube (adhesion).
Contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.

40. Leaves (Transport & Energy Production)
Photosynthesis
Process that plants use to produce their food.
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Transpiration
Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.

41. Structure of Leaves Cuticle Mesophyll
Waxy outer surface; retains moisture.
Mesophyll
Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs.
Palisade layer (upper).
Spongy layer (underside).

42. Structure of Leaves (cont’d)
Epidermis
“Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange.
Upper and lower.
Stomata
Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange (controlled by guard cells).

43. Gas Exchange in Leaves Turgor pressure (water pressure)
Stomata close automatically when supplies of water from roots start to dry up.
Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.

44. Leaf Vein Types
Parallel Pinnate Palmate

45. Structure of Flowers

46. Typical Flower Structure
Petals
Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands.
Sepals
Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud.
Image found at:

47. Flowers (Reproduction)

48. Male Plant Organ Stamen contains: Anther: produces pollen.
Filament: upholds anther.

49. Female Plant Organ Pistil (carpels) contains:
Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach.
Style: sperm travel to ovary.
Ovary (fruit): stores ovules (eggs).

50. Seed Dispersal Flower Pollination
Wind
Water
Animal
Flower Pollination
Animals
Wind
Factors that affect seed germination:
Temperature
Moisture

51. Plant Response
Plant hormones – chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth & development.
Target cell – cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone.

52. Tropisms (Response)
Tropism – response of a plant to an environmental stimulus.
Gravitotropism: response of a plant to the force of gravity.
Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards light.
Thigmotropism: response of plants to touch.
Auxin – substance produced in the tip of the seedling that stimulates cell elongation.

53. Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.
Herbicides: auxinlike compounds in high concentrations that are toxic to plants therefore inhibiting growth.
Chemical defenses: many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals, ex. poison oak.