1. Classical Greece
Chapter 5

2. Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Chapter 5:1

3. Vocabulary
Mycenaean: Indo-Europeans who settled in the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
Trojan War: 10 year war between Mycenaean and City-State of Troy.
Epic: Narrative poems that celebrate heroic deeds

4. Geography Shapes Life Mountainous Peninsula Water Skilled Sailors
2,000 islands
Water
Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea
Water served as Transportation System
Linked City States together
Skilled Sailors
Greece lacks Natural Resources!!!
Must trade for Timber, metals and farmland/food!

5. Greece: The Land and Climate
¾ of Greece is Rugged, Rocky Mountains
Mountains divided Greece up into specific regions
Developed small individual communities/governments
Little fertile land and water (Small Population)
Varied Climate:
48 Degrees in the Winter
80 degrees in the Summer
Active lifestyle
Sports/Olympics

6. Mycenaean Civilization Develops
Mycenaeans
Indo-Europeans from the Eurasian Steppes
Leading City: Mycenae
Contact with the Minoans
Adopted the Minoan Writing system, Art,

7. The Trojan War Mycenaean’s 10 year battle against Troy
Troy: An Independent trading city located in Anatolia
Greek army attacked because Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen “the beautiful wife of a Greek King”
English Class!!
The Trojan War: Video

8. Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians
Dorians took over the Mycenaeans
weakened from battles
Lack history
No Writings
Homer: Blind Story Teller, Narrative Poems,
The Iliad
Achilles
Hector of Troy
Greek Myths
Love, hate, jealousy

9. Greek Gods Zeus Hera Athena Hades Name some other Gods?
Ruler of the Gods (Lived on Mount Olympus
Hera
Zeus’s Wife, Jealous all the time
Athena
Goddess of Wisdom: Zeus’s daughter and favorite child
Hades
Ruler of the Underworld
Name some other Gods?

10. Main Idea Questions: PG 126
What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece?
What aspects of culture did the Mycenaean's adopt from the Minoans?
Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?

11. The Warring States Chapter 5:2
Classical Greece
The Warring States
Chapter 5:2

12. Vocabulary Polis: City state
Acropolis: Fortified hilltop, gathering for politics
Aristocracy: Government ruled by small group of noble landowning families (rich families)
Democracy: Rule by the people (direct democracy)
Helot: Peasants force to stay on the land they worked
Phalanx: Military formation (shield to shield)
Persian Wars: Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire

13. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Polis
City State “Fundamental political unit in ancient Greece”
Fewer than 10,000 People
Acropolis: Fortified hilltop, downtown area, trade area, meeting area for politics
Greek Political Styles:
Monarchy: Single person, King
Aristocracy: Government ruled by a small group of noble landowning families
Oligarchy: Government ruled by a few powerful people

14. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
Idea of Representative Government
Democracy
Rule by the People.
In Athens, citizens participated directly in political decision making.
Draco
Developed Legal Code
No Citizen should own another citizen
Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were considered citizens.
Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights

15. Athenian Education Wealthy families sent children to schools Boys
Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, gym
Boys
Military Schools
Girls
Educated at home by mothers, Child-rearing, home skills.

17. This is….SPARTA
Sparta
Located Southern part of Greece
Military State

18. Sparta Builds a Military State
Spartan Daily Life
Sparta Government and Society
Most Powerful Military in Greece
No Individualism
Valued
Strength, duty, discipline
Served in Military till 60
Men 7-30 years
“Come back with your shield or on it!”
Branches:
Assembly
Included everyone
The Council of Elders (5)

19. Spartan Childhood

20. The Persian Wars Sparta and Athens Unites against the Persians
Shifted from Bronze weapons to Iron
Created The Phalanx
Most Powerful fighting force in the Ancient World

22. Persian Wars
The Persian Wars: Battles between Greece and the Persian Empire
Ionian Greeks were invaded by Persians
Battle of Marathon
25,000 Persians
10,000 Athenians (Phalanxes)
6,000 Persians vs. 200 Greeks died

23. Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Thermopylae (The Real 300)
300 Spartans 7,000 Greeks vs. Xerxes Army
Greeks stopped the Persian Advance for 3 days
Traitor informed the Persians of the “Secret Pass”
300 Spartans stayed the rest fled
Xerxes’s Army/Navy defeated in Aegean Sea
Delian League (City States/ Greek Alliance)

24. Consequences of the Persian War
Athens became the leader of the Delian League
Moved the Delian League capital to Athens
Golden Age of Athens
Athens became the Center Piece for the Greek Civilization

25. Main Ideas How does an aristocracy differ from an oligarchy
What contributions did Solon and Cleisthenes make to development of Athenian democracy
How did Athens benefit from victory in the Persian War

26. Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age
Chapter 5:3
Roots of Ancient Greece

27. Vocabulary
Direct Democracy: A form of government in which citizens rule directly not through representatives
Peloponnesian War: War between Athens and Sparta. Athens had a stronger Navy and Sparta had a stronger Army. Sparta wins.
Classical Art: Art that shows ideal beauty. (Harmony, order, balance, proportion)
Philosophers: Means “Lover of Wisdom” (Education)
Socrates: Father of Philosophy, absolute standards for truth and justice. Examine themselves. Socratic Method (Question/Answer)
Plato: Person with the greatest intelligence should be king. Found the Academy (oldest school). The Republic
Aristotle: Developed the scientific method. Taught Alexander the Great

28. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Golden Age of Athens (50 Years) B.C.
Arts
Drama, Sculpture, Poetry, Philosophy, Architecture, and Science
Pericles
Leader of Athens
Politician, General, Inspiring Speaker
Three Goals
Strengthen Athenian Democracy
Strengthen Empire
Glorify Athens

29. Stronger Democracy Paid Public Officials
Why is this important?
More citizens engaged in politics
Direct Democracy
A form of Gov. in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
How is this different from the United States?

30. Greece vs. United States (Pg. 134)
Citizens: born in U.S. or complete citizenship process
Reps. Elected to propose and vote on laws
Elected president
Executive branch made up of elected and appointed officials
Juries composed of 12 jurors
Defendants and plaintiffs have attorney; long appeals process
Athens
Citizens: male 18 yrs. Born of citizen parents
Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens
Leader chosen by lot
Executive branch composed of a council of 500 men
Juries varied in size
No attorney; no appeals, one-day trails
Both
Political power exercised by citizens
Three branches of Gov.
Legislative Branch passes laws
Executive branch carries out laws
Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors

31. Athens
Citizens
Male 18 yrs. Born of citizen parents
Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens
Leader chosen by majority
Executive branch composed of a council of 500 men
Juries varied in size
No attorney
No appeals, one-day trails

32. United States Citizens: Reps. Elected to propose and vote on laws
Born in U.S. or complete citizenship process
Reps. Elected to propose and vote on laws
Elected president
Executive branch made up of elected and appointed officials
Juries composed of 12 jurors
Defendants and plaintiffs have attorney
Long appeals process

33. Both Political power exercised by citizens Three branches of Gov.
Legislative Branch passes laws
Executive branch carries out laws

34. Athenian Empire Defeated Persians in The Persian Wars
Organized the Delian League
Athens's Navy the Strongest in the World!!! (Makes Sense)
At odds with Sparta
Similar to United States and Soviet Union after World War II

35. Used money form the Delian League to Beautify Athens
Glorifying Athens
Used money form the Delian League to Beautify Athens
Bought Gold Ivory and Marble
These resources went to “Beautifying” Athens

36. Glorious Art and Architecture
The Parthenon The Parthenon The Parthenon II
23,000 square feet
Built to Honor Athena (Goddess of Wisdom and Protector of Athens)
Sculptor Phidias
Giant Statue of Athena (Gold, Ivory)
30 Feet Tall
Faces showed no expression, Portray ideal Beauty
Classical Art: Harmony, order, balance and proportion

37. The Parthenon

38. Drama and History First Theaters
Civic duty for wealthy to pay for Theaters
Tragedy: Serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal
Hero’s tragic flaw
Comedy: A performance filled with slapstick situations and crude humor
Politics, People and Ideas
History: Thucydides First real historian
Must understand the past to know the future!!

39. Athenians and Spartans Go to War
“Cold War” Differences in ways of life
Peloponnesian War:
War between Athens and Sparta 431 B.C B.C.
Athens had a stronger Navy
Sparta Stronger Army
Spartans burned the Athenian food supply
Sparta Wins
Plague swept through Athens
Syracuse is attacked (Sparta’s Friend)
Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.

40. Philosophers Search for Truth
War left Athenians lacking confidence in Democratic Government and they began to question their values
Philosophers
Lovers of Wisdom
Two Constant Ideas!!
The universe (Land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws
People can understand these laws through logic and reason
Sophists
Questioned ideas about justice and traditional values
Questioned Reality of “Gods”

41. Socrates Question yourself and Moral Character 70 yrs
Marjory of citizens could not understand his ideas
70 yrs
Corrupting Athens youth
Not worshiping the Gods
Died by drinking Hemlock

42. Plato Student of Socrates The Republic Not a democracy
vision of a perfectly governed society
Not a democracy
3 groups of citizens
Farmers/ artisans, warriors and Ruling Class
Dominated European thinking for 1,500 yrs.

43. Aristotle Question human beliefs, knowledge Scientific Method
Argued rules of logic
Psychology, Physics, Astronomy and Biology
Scientific Method
Famous Pupil
Alexander The Great
3 years as his teacher

44. Main Idea Questions
What were the battle strategies of Athens and Sparta in the Peloponnesian War?
What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens?
Why do you think some Athenians found the ideas of Socrates so disturbing?

45. Alexander’s Empire
Chapter 5:4

46. Vocabulary Philip II: King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great’s Father
Macedonia: Area located directly above Greece. Rough terrain and a cold climate. Mountain villages.
Alexander the Great: Macedonian King who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus. Hellenistic Culture.
Darius III: Persian King who fled Alexander the Great’s Army in Anatolia. Lost his empire to Alexander the Great

47. Big Idea: Alexander’s Empire
Alexander the Great Conquers Persia and Egypt
Extends his empire to the Indus River Valley (Northwest India)
Unites 4 Regions
India
Greece
Persia
Egypt

48. Alexander The Great Empire

50. Philip Builds Macedonian Power
Philip’s Army
Macedonia
Kingdom of Mountain Villages North of Greece
King Philip II:
Ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece
Macedonians:
Call themselves Greek
Rest of Greece does not
Philip Creates well-trained professional army; plans to invade Greece

51. Philip Builds Macedonian Power
Conquest of Greece
338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece Macedonian Phalanx
336 B.C. King Philip Murdered
His son named King of Macedonia
Alexander the Great

52. Alexander Defeats Persia
Alexander’s Early Life
Invasion of Persia
Tutored by Aristotle
Inspired by the Iliad
Trained by the Military
Becomes King at 20 years old
Destroys city of Thebes to Curb Rebellion
334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia
Quick victory at Granicus River
Darius III (King of Persia) Assembles army of 50-70,000
Alexander defeats Persians again
Persians forced to flee

53. Alexander Defeats Persia: Conquering the Persian Empire
Alexander marches to Egypt
Crowned Pharaoh in 332 B.C.
Defeats Persians at again (Gaugamela in Mesopotamia)
Battle of Gaugamela Video
Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa and Persepolis
Persepolis, the Persian capital is Burned to the Ground
Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of Persian Empire

54. Alexander’s Other Conquests Alexander Video (9 mins)
Alexander in India
Alexander’s Legacy
Fights his way across Central Asia to India
Alexander conquers the Indus River Valley in 326 B.C.
Reluctantly stops fighting (Soldiers wanted to go home!!)
11 years of fighting
Dies in Babylon, 323 B.C.
Alexander melts together Greek, Persian, Egyptian Cultures
Married a Persian women
Empire becomes three kingdoms after his death
Macedonia, Old Greek City States
Egypt
Persia: (aka Seleucid Kingdom)

56. Main Ideas How was Philip II able to Conquer Greece?
What happened to Alexander’s empire after his death?
Philip II’s goal was to conquer Persia. Why did Alexander continue his campaign of conquest after this goal have been achieved?

57. The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 5:5
Chapter 5:5

58. Vocabulary
Hellenistic: Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture
Alexandria: Egyptian city which became the most important city in Alexander’s empire. Greatest city/Library
Archimedes: Hellenistic scientist, estimated the value of Pi, explained the law of the Lever
Colossus of Rhodes: Island of Rhodes. Bronze statue that stood 100 feet. 1-7 wonders of the ancient world

59. Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria
Alexander actively tried to blend cultures together
Spread Greek ideals throughout empire
Alexandria: Most important city
Trade from all of Mediterranean Sea
International Community due to trade
Diverse population ½ million people
Beautiful city (statues lined the streets)
Enormous lighthouse (Pharos)
Museum: Filled with arts/culture/paintings
Library: ½ million papyrus scrolls. 1st research library (scholars moved to study there)

60. Science and Technology
Alexandria’s Scholars
Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciences
Astronomy
Astronomer Aristarchus proves the sun is larger than the Earth
Proposes planets revolve around the sun (14 Centuries before anyone else)
Eratosthenes uses geometry to calculate the Earth’s circumference
Math and Physics
Euclid: Mathematician: Elements the basis for courses in geometry
Archimedes: scientist; ideas helped build force pump and steam engine
Pythagorean Theorem????

61. Philosophy and Art Stoicism and Epicureanism Realism in Sculpture
Zeno founds Stoic School: promoted virtuous simple lives
Epicurus believes people should focus on what sense perceives
Realism in Sculpture
Colossus of Rhodes
Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall
Sculptures move to non-classical, natural forms; real people

63. Main Ideas
How did trade contribute to the cultural diversity in Alexandria?