1. Chapter One Section 1 Greece

2. Ancient Greece * lack of fertile land on islands encouraged expansion over-seas, carried their ideas with them

3. Legacy of Greece Alphabet Olympics Democracy Literature Philosophy Art Architecture

4. Rise of Greek City-States City State: political unit made up of the city and the surrounding lands. – Small population, shared responsibility The Polis- Unique version of city state after 750 bc built on 2 levels: top = acropolis or “high city” with walled city down below

5. Greek Government Monarchy: king or queen exercises central power Landowners/nobles: military defenders because they could afford weapons; used to defend king, then won power. As middle class grew, they challenged landowners

6. Changes in Warfare 650 BC Iron weapons Reduced class differences by putting defense of city- state in hands of ordinary citizens. Phalanx- massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

7. Sparta – Venn Diagram Lies in Peloponnesus, or southern part of Greece. Conquerors turned people into state owned slaves (helots). Set up system of strict control because they were greatly outnumbered. Government = 2 kings, council of elders (advisors), Assembly made of citizens (male, native-born Spartans, over 30), elected 5 officials with real power to run city. Children = trained from early age to fight. Women = expected to produce healthy sons. Trained to exercise, obey husband and father, and inherit property

8. Athens North of Peloponnesus. Grew from monarchy to aristocracy. democracy (gov’t by the people). Women- No share of public life, rich women secluded and had to manage entire household. Slaves and children sent to market. Boys trained as public speakers and taught to read/write and received military training.

9. Athens Solon- reformer: outlawed slavery, opened high offices to more people, increased import of goods, granted some foreigners citizenship. Democracy: government by the people tyrants: leaders who gain power by force, won support by helping merchant class legislature: lawmaking body, debated laws, included all male citizens

10. Persian Wars- 490 bc at Marathon Athenian forces defeated Persians by sheer will. 10 yrs later Sparta and others joined to defeat Persians. Result- Athens emerged as strongest Greek power Golden Age of Athens- 460 bc to 429 bc ruled by Pericles: Economy thrived Government more democratic (direct democracy no representatives). Rebuilt Athens, cultural center of Greece.

11. Peloponnesian War- 431 bc 27 year war power struggle between Athens and Sparta. Sparta wanted to end Athenian power 404 bc Sparta captured Athens ending their domination of the Greek world

12. Macedonia. Alexander the Great- Great soldier- son of Phillip crushed Thebes conquered Persia. India 324 bc. Alexander died of fever Result of his conquests = blending of cultures Alexandria- Egypt, on trade route of Nile. Boasted wide range of goods. Museum – labs, zoo, library. Center of Hellenistic culture.

13. Legacy of Alexander Founded many new cities blending of cultures (Hellenism) Hellenistic Civilization– Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian cultures blended Rome emerged as most powerful city-state