1. .

2. Do Now How many bones are in a adult human
The two divisions of the human Skeleton
Three types of muscle
Voluntary and examples
The types of Joints
With examples
What is the difference between
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
Muscles .

3. Get out your notebook. What is Locomotion?
                      
Do Now 2/3:                   
Get out your notebook.
What is Locomotion?

4.                       
Chapter 14
Human Locomotion

5. Chapter 14
Human Locomotion

6. In humans, locomotion involves the interaction of:
1. Bones
2. Cartilage
3. Muscles
4. Tendons
5. Ligaments

7. 36-1a The Skeleton: Support the body
protects of body (internal) organs
Anchorage and Leverage for muscles
Stores mineral reserves
Bone marrow produces blood cells

8. Parts of the Skeleton 206 total Bones
Axial Skeleton: skull/cranium, spinal column/backbone, ribs and the breastbone/sternum
Appendicular Skeleton: arms, legs,scapula, clavicle, pectoral and pelvic girdles.

9. 36-1b Structure of Bones Composed mainly of calcium
Made up of living bone cells and connective fiber tissue
Periosteum: Hard outer layer
Haversian Canals: network of tubes that contain blood vessels and nerve
Osteocytes: mature bone cells

10. Bone Marrow Found in hollow cavities of bone
These hollow cavities are known as the Haversian canals
Produce:
*red blood cells
*white blood cells
*platelets

11. The Structure of Bone Figure 36-3 Spongy bone Compact bone
Periosteum
Bone marrow
Haversian canal
Osteocyte
Artery
Vein

12. Bone

13. Appendicular Skeleton
The Skeletal system
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Metatarsals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Pelvis
Ulna
Carpals
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals

16. Ossification
The process by which cartilage gradually changes into bone
Ex: In humans, the skeleton of an embryo is made up of mostly cartilage. By adulthood, most of this cartilage changes into bone by the process of ossification

17. Ossification

18. (II) Cartilage Unlike bone, cartilage is flexible and elastic
Found at joints, nose, and ear
Absorbs shock

19. Do Now .

20. Bones
Label the diagram

21. Where bone meets bone in an organism
Joints
Where bone meets bone in an organism

22. Types of Joints Immovable joint Ball-and-socket joint Hinge joint
Gliding joint

23. Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements
Section 36-1
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Clavicle
Ball-and-socket joint
Scapula
Humerus
Humerus
Radius
Pivot joint
Ulna
Hinge Joint
Saddle Joint
Femur
Patella
Hinge joint
Tibia
Fibula
Metacarpals
Carpals
Saddle joint

24. Figure 36-5 Knee Joint Section 36-1 Muscle Tendon Femur Patella Bursa
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Cartilage
Fat
Fibula
Tibia

26. Immovable Joint
Bones that are tightly fitted together

27. Ball-and-Socket Joint
Can move in all directions

28. Ball-and-Socket Joint

29. Hinge Joint
Permits back and forth motion

30. Gliding Joint
Provides limited flexibility in all directions

31. Do Now 2/9
What are the
Three types of muscle?

32. (III) Muscles Three types of muscle: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

33. Skeletal Muscle Voluntary (can be controlled) Involved in locomotion
Attached to bone
Striated in appearance (striped)
Function as antagonistic pairs

34. Skeletal Muscle

35. Skeletal Muscle

36. Antagonistic Pairs Muscles work as opposites Ex:
1. Bicep contracts then triceps relaxes
2. Triceps contracts then the bicep relaxes

37. Summary
When the bicep contracts, the arm bends upward (flexes) and therefore the bicep is known as a flexor
When the triceps contracts, the arm extends outward and therefore the triceps is known as an extensor

38. Smooth Muscle Smooth and not striated in appearance
Involuntary (cannot move)
Found in:
-walls of digestive organs
-walls of arteries and veins
-walls of internal organs

39. Smooth Muscle

40. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated in appearance
Involuntary

41. Cardiac Muscle

42. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated in appearance
Involuntary

43. (IV) Attachments Ligaments- connect bone to bone
Tendons- connect muscle to bone

44. Tendon
                                                               

45. FACT:
Investigated football injuries among children and adolescents, and the findings have been remarkably consistent:
* 40% of all football injuries are from sprains and strains ** 25% from contusions (bruises)
*** 10% from fractures
****the remainder primarily from concussions and dislocations.
These percentages are fairly constant throughout a variety of age ranges. Distribution tends to be quite consistent:
*50% involve lower extremities
*30% involve upper extremities.

46. The Knee

47. Schematic view of a dislocation of the patella

48. Apprehension Test

49. The Knee

50. Torn ACL

51. Muscles Specialists

52. Locomotion Hokey Pokey
Get Ready
Tibia/fibula in
Tibia/fibula out
Tibia/fibula in

53. (V) Disorders of Locomotion
Arthritis- inflammation of the joints
Osteo:
Rheumatoid:
Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, usually where it is attached to the bone

54. (V) Disorders of Locomotion
Sprains:????
Strains:?????

55. (V) Disorders of Locomotion
Replacement Surgeries: Knee

56. Replacement Surgeries: hip

57. Hip dislocations

58. Hip dislocations
The most common cause is motor vehicle collisions (6). The typical mechanism is thought to be due to an unrestrained, front seat occupant of the vehicle striking their knee against the dashboard at the time of a sudden deceleration.

59. Da End!

61. Treatment
Treatment of an ACL injury begins with proper recognition of the injury. There are still a few times when an ACL tear is misdiagnosed. Rehabilitation begins immediately after the injury. Initial rehab should include ice, gentle knee motion, quad setting, straight leg raising, and protected weight bearing. The worst thing that can be done is to not move or use the knee. When the ACL ruptures, the knee fills with blood, becomes stiff and painful. Gentle motion will help to milk the blood out of the joint to improve pain and function. When the knee is not moved the blood in the joint becomes clotted and sets up like Jell-O. When this occurs, motion becomes more painful and the removal of the blood takes longer.

62. Torn ACL
If the knee joint has been injured, we loose the ability to perform these functions properly. In the case of the ACL tear, the knee will feel unstable, and give out. The old phrase “Trick Knee” is most often associated with and ACL-deficient knee. When walking or climbing, the knee will suddenly “give out,” usually to the side, and the individual falls to the ground.

63. Rehabilitation
The early phase of the recovery is protected to guard against the new ligament pulling loose from the screws that hold it in place. As with any fracture, the bone hole must fill in with new bone before the rehab can become too aggressive. This process takes about six weeks.
The second six weeks of the controlled rehab revolves around more complex activities. The activities include complex balance, lateral motion, and greater strength. Activities such as slide board, a progressive running program, one-leg leg press, and balance with very unstable footing can be used.
Near three months post-op the controlled rehab ends, and the patient continues rehab on his/her own. It is very important to continue strengthening the leg during this time. Between three and six months the repaired ACL is at its weakest point. During the first three months the tissue has very limited blood supply and is degrading. The body slowly brings the new blood vessels into the area but not fast enough to stop the degradation process. The athlete must be aware of this so that he/she does not re-tear the ACL. Rehab should continue while avoiding cutting and pivoting.

64. Surgery
The surgical treatment for ACL ruptures can be performed in one of three ways. One method of repair is to use a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft. This technique utilizes the middle one-third of the patellar tendon with an attached piece of bone from the patella and tibia. This bone-tendon-bone graft is then used to replace the damaged ligament. Another surgical method utilizes a graft taken from the hamstring tendons. The hamstring tendon is used to replace the torn ACL in the same manner. The third surgical procedure utilizes a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft from a cadaver donor. This procedure is most often used in people who have returned from  a previously reconstructed ACL. In all three of these procedures, drill holes are made in the Tibia and Femur where the ACL originates. The new ligament is passed through the holes and held in place with interference screws.

65. Bones #1
Cranium: houses and protects the brain..

66. Bone #2
Backbone- consists of 33 bones called vertebrae

67. Bone #3
Vertebrae: are separated from each other to by discs of cartilage.

68. Bones #4
Pectoral Girdle: consists of the shoulder blades and collar bones. It connects the arms and spine.

69. Bone #5
Hip bones: are the same as pelvic bones.

70. Bones #6
Chest cavity: the area enclosed by the sternum , ribs and backbone.

71. Bones #10
Pelvic Girdle: is made up of the hip bone or pelvic bones , and connects the legs and spine.

72. Skulls:

73. Skeletons

74. Do Now 1/16: Grab a scan-tron Get out you index cards from
Chapter 14: Locomotion

75. Skeletons 2

76. Muscle pictures

77. More muscles Cardiac muscles is found in the heart.
Tendons: skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by strong fibers connective tissue.
Extensor:when the triceps muscle extend the joints.

79. Boo Hoo Mr. Rizzo is going to be out…..
What is a Hallux Rigidus?
What is a Cheilectomy?

80. Hallux Rigidus
Hallux Rigidus is a degenerative-type arthritis condition that affects the large joint at the base of the great toe.  A degenerative arthritis is a condition which results from wear and tear on the joint surface over time.   The condition may follow an injury to the joint or, in some cases, may arise without a well defined injury.

81. What could happen????
In some cases, bone spurs form on the top of the joint and can bump together when the big toe bends upward, or extends.  This causes a problem when walking, because the big toe needs to bend upward when the foot is behind the body, getting ready to make the next step.  The constant irritation when the bone spurs bump together leads to pain and difficulty walking.

82. What does a bone spur look like?

83. Ouch Shoes Hurt!!!

84. Lets see those X-rays, Please
Normal Damaged Goods
How can we fix Mr. Rizzo’s foot?

85. MR. RIZZO
TOE

86. Cheilectomy
a procedure that simply removes the bone spurs at the top of the joint so that they don't bump together when the toe extends.  This allows the toe to bend better and reduces the amount of pain with walking. 

87. The Artist at Work

88. Cutting out the bone spur.
This is a rated “G” surgery.

89. Holy Toe !!!!! Drilling into the bone to develop future cartilage.

90. The good stuff!!!! Surgery To perform a Cheilectomy,
an incision is made along the top of the joint. 
The bone spurs that are blocking the joint from extending are identified and removed - from both the bones that make up the joint. 
A little extra bone may be taken off to ensure that nothing rubs when the Hallux is raised. 
The skin is closed and allowed to heal.

91. Rest and Recuperation!!! Ice and Elevate for 48 hours Watch my soaps
Eat Ice cream, lots of Ice Cream
Play on the computer
Do nothing but be lazy