1. Chapter 7: The Muscle system
Karyn Borrego
Tyler Correa
Sabrina Cardona
Nicholas Jacinto

2. The three types of muscle
Three types of muscle exist in the human body: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.
Each fiber is surrounded by a thin layer or areolar connective tissue called endomysium.
Smooth: located in the walls of hollow internal organs and blood vessels; moves materials through organs and regulates blood flow in blood vessels; the fibers of this muscle are narrow, tapered root shaped cells; can sustain prolonged contractions and does not fatigue easily; involuntary

3. Cardiac Muscle Forms the heart wall.
Fibers are uninucleated , striated, tubular, and branched
Relaxes completely between contractions, which prevents fatigue
Contractions are involuntary

4. Skeletal muscle Fibers are tubular, multinucleated, and striated
Contractions always simulated
Supports the body
Makes bones and body parts move, constant body temperature and protection; usually found attached to tendons

23. In the Laboratory Muscles can be studied in the lab
When a muscle fiber is isolated and provided with ATP, it contracts completely along its entire length
Result from the all or nothing law: Law that states that muscle fibers contract maximally or not at all
In contrast, a whole muscle shows a degree of contractions
Isolated and stimulated electronically
Mechanical force of contraction is recorded as a visual pattern called myogram

24. Muscle twitch Three parts:
Muscle twitch: A single contraction that last for only was fraction of a second
Three parts:
Latent period: period of time between stimulation and initiation of contraction
Contraction period: When the muscle shortens
Relaxation period: When the muscle returns to its former length

25. Myogram A. Series of twitches B. Summation C. Tetanic Contraction
Increased muscle contraction
C. Tetanic Contraction
Maximal sustained contraction
No longer shows individual twitches; rather the twitches are fused and blended completely into a straight line
Continues until the muscle reaches fatigues: Failure of a muscle fiber to continue to contract due to the exhaustion of ATP

26. Fatigue Gradual weakening that occurs after repetitive use
Reasons why muscles become fatigue
ATP is depleted during constants use
Lactic acid by fermentation
Muscles run out of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
The brain itself signals a person to stop exercising even if the muscles aren’t fatigued

27. In the body In the body, muscles are innervated to contract by nerves
Each axon stimulates a number of muscle fibers
Motor Unit: A nerve fiber together with all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Obeys all-or-none law because the muscles in the motor unit are all stimulated at once; they either contract or do not contract
Tetanic contractions ordinarily occurs in the body because , as the intensity of nervous stimulation increase, more and more motor units are activated
This is known as recruitment
While some muscles are contracting, other are relaxing, which is why muscles rarely experience fatigue
Even when some muscles appear to be resting, they exhibit tone, in which fibers re always contracting.
Muscle tone is important in posture

28. Exercise and Size of Muscles
Muscles not used or used for weak contraction decrease in size or atrophy.
Atrophy: Occurs when a limb is placed in a cast or when the nerve serving a muscle is damaged.
Can cause muscle fibers to shorten, leaving body parts in contorted positions
If nerve stimulation is not replaced, muscle fibers are replaced by fat & fibrous tissue
Forceful muscular activity causes muscles to increase in size as the number of myofibrils within the muscle fibers
Hypertrophy: occurs only if the muscle contracts to at least 75% of it maximum tension
Athletes take anabolic steroids, either testosterone or related chemicals, to promote muscle growth. This causes undesirable side effects

29. Slow-twitch muscle fibers
Muscle fibers metabolize both aerobically and anaerobically but some muscle fiber utilizes one method more than the other to provide myofibrils with ATP
Slow-twitch fibers tend to be aerobic and is referred as Type I fibers
Steadier tug and more endurance despite having motor units with a smaller number of fibers
Helpful in sports such as running, biking, jogging
Tire when fuel supply is gone
Have many mitochondria and are dark in color because they contain myoglobin, respiratory pigment found in muscles
Resistant to fatigue because they have a substantial reserve of glycogen and fat

30. fast twitch muscle fibers
Fast-twitch fibers tend to be anaerobic and is referred as Type II fibers
Designed for strength because their motor units contain many fibers
Provide an explosion of energy and are helpful in sport activities such as sprinting, wrestling and swinging a golf club
Light in color because they have fewer mitochondria, little to no myoglobin, and fewer blood vessels
Develop maximum tension more rapidly than slow twitch fibers and their tension is greater
Vulnerable to an accumulation of lactic acid that causes them to fatigue quickly

31. Basic Principles
Muscle contracts at a joint, one bone remains stationary and the other moves
The origin of a muscle is on the stationary bone and the insertion of a muscle is on the bone that moves
A body part is moved by a group of muscles working together. A prime mover is the muscle that does most of the work.
The assisting muscles are the synergist
Muscles contract, the shorten. Therefore they can only pull; they cannot push. However, muscles have antagonist. Antagonist pairs work opposite one another to bring about movement in opposite directions

32. Naming Muscles Size Shape Direction of fibers Location Attachment
Number of attachments
Action

33. Skeletal Muscle Groups
The muscles of the body will be grouped according to the region
Try to correlate its name with muscles location and action

34. Muscles of the Head Facial expression and mastication (chewing)
Neck allows the head to move

35. Muscles of Facial Expression
Located in scalp and face
Insert into and move the skin
These muscles communicate emotions to others

36. Muscles of Facial Expressions
Frontalis: Raises the eyebrows
Skin and muscles around the eye
Orbicularis oculi: Closes eye or to blink
Skin around the eye
Orbicularis oris: Closes and protrudes the lips
Skin around the mouth
Buccinator: Compresses cheek inward
Outer surface of maxilla and mandible
Zygomaticus: Raises corner of the mouth
skin and muscle around mouth

37. Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of mastication are used when we chew and bite
Fan-shaped muscle
Both Masseters and Temporalis insert on the mandible, are synergist and are prime movers for elevating the mandible
Masseters: Closes jaw
Located in the zygomatic arch
Temporalis: Closes Jaw
Located in the temporal bone

38. Muscles of the Neck
Swallowing
Moving the head

39. Swallowing
The tongue (a muscle) & the buccinators squeeze the food back along the roof of the mouth to the pharynx
Hyoid: important bone that functions in swallowing , does not articulate with another bone and is attached to the larynx
Suprahyoid Muscles: Lie superior to the Hyoid
Pulls hyoid forward and upward toward the mandible
Infrahyoid Muscles: Lie inferior to the hyoid
Moves the hyoid
Moves hyoid and larynx to their original positions
Epiglottis: Closes the respiratory passages
Small Palatini Muscles: Closes nasal passages
Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles: Pushes the food into the pharynx; widens the surahyoid muscle

40. Muscles that move the Head Terms
Flexion: Movement that closes the angle at a joint
Extension: Movement that increases the angle at a joint
Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body
Rotation: Movement of a part around its own axis

41. Muscles that move the Head
Sternocleidomastoid: Flexes and rotates the head
Located in the sternum and clavicle
Trapezius: Extends the head and adducts the scapula
Located in the Occipital bone C7 vertebra, all of thoracic vertebra

42. MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK: Thoracic Wall
Primarily involved in breathing
External Intercostal: Elevate rib cage for inspiration during breathing
Located in the superior rib
The Diaphragm: Depress rib cage for forced expiration
Located in the inferior rib
Internal Intercostal: Tenses abdominal wall; lateral rotation of trunk
Located in the lower eight rib

43. Muscles of the trunk: abdominal wall
Protect and support organs within the abdominal cavity
External: Tenses abdominal wall; lateral rotation of trunk
Located in the lower eight ribs
Internal obliques: Tenses abdominal wall; lateral rotation of trunk
Located in the Iliac crest
Transverse abdominis: Tenses abdominal wall
Located in the lower six
Rectus abdominis: Flexes and rotates the vertebral column
Located in the pubic symphysis

44. Muscles of the shoulder
The muscles of the shoulder attach the scapula to thorx
Move the scapula
Also attach the humerus to the scapula and move the arm

45. Muscles that move the scapula
Serratus anterior: Depresses the scapula and pulls it forward; elevates arm above horizontal
Located in the upper nine ribs

46. Muscles that move the arm
Deltoid: Abducts arm to horizontal
Located in the upper nine ribs
Pectoralis major: Flexes and adducts arms
Located in the spine of scapula and clavicle
Latissimus dorsi: Extends and adducts arm
Located in the lliac crest
Rotator cuff: Angular and rotational movements of arms
Located in the scapula

47. Muscles that move the forearm
Biceps brachii: Flexes and supinates the forearm
Located in the scapula
Triceps brachii: Extends the forearm
Located in the scapula and proximal humerus
Brachialis: Flexes the forearm
Located in the anterior humerus

48. MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND AND FINGERS
Flexer carpi and extensor carpi: Move wrist and hand
Located in the humerus
Flexer digitorum and extensor digitorum: Move fingers
Located in the humerus, radius and ulna

49. Muscles that move the Thigh
lliposoas: Flexes the thigh
Located in the lumbar vertebrae
Gluteus maximus: Extends the thigh
Located in the Posterior ilium
Gluteus medius: Abducts the thigh
Located in the llium
Adducts group: Adducts the thigh
Located in the Pubis

50. Muscles that move the leg
Quadriceps femoris group: Extends the legs
Located in the Ilium and femur
Satoruis: Flexes, abducts and rotates leg laterally
Located in the Iiium
Hamstring group: Flexes and rotates leg medially and extends thigh
Located in the Ischial tuberosity

51. Muscles that move the ankle and foot
Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexion and eversion of foot
Located in the Condyles of Femur
Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
Located in the Condyles of Tibia
Fibularis group: Plantar flexion and enversion of the foot
Located in the Fibula
Flexor and extensor digitorum longus: Moves toes
Located in the Tibula

52. Effects of aging
Muscle mass and strength decrease with age. At first, muscle is replaced by connective tissue, and then eventually fat. Endurance decreases. Degenerate changes take place in the mitochondria.
Changes in cardiovascular systems begin to occur, which affect muscle function. If elderly people undergo training, muscle mass and strength can increase.
When exercising, regardless of age, muscle buildup is stimulated. Exercise also improves the cardiovascular system and reduces the risk of diabetus and glycation, excess glucose molecules stick to body proteins so that the proteins no function properly.
Exercise burns glucose, which prevents muscle deterioration.

53. Homeostasis
On page 151, the illustration titled Human Systems Work Together tells how the muscular system works other systems of the body to maintain homeostasis.
Contractions in the cardiac muscle is what a heart beat is. It creates blood pressure, the force that sends blood through the arteries and arterioles. The walls of the arteriols. The walls of the arteries and arteriols are smooth muscle.
Constrictions of arteriol walls is regulated to help maintain blood pressure. Arteriols branch into capillaries where exchange takes place that creates and cleanses tissue fluid. Blood and tissue fluid are the internal environment of the body, and without cardiac and smooth muscle contraction, blood would never reach the capillaries for exchange to take place.
Blood is retuned to the cardiovascular system within lymphatic vessels. Skeletal muscle contraction presses on the cardiovascular veins and lymphatic vessels, normal blood pressure could not be maintained.

54. Homeostasis (Continued)
The contraction of sphincters composed of smooth muscle fibers temporarily prevents the flow of blood into capillary. This is an important homeostatic mechanism because in times of emergency it is more important, or example, for blood to be directed to the skeletal muscles than to the tissues of the digestive tract.
Smooth muscle contraction also account for peristalsis. The process that moves food along the digestive tract. Without this action, food would never reach all the organs of the digestive tract where digestion releases nutrients that enter the bloodstream. Smooth muscle contraction assists the voiding of urine, which is necessary for ridding the body metabolic wastes and for regulating the blood volume, salt concentration, and pH of internal fluids.
Skeletal muscles protect internal organs, and their strength protects joints by stabilizing their movements. Skeletal muscle contraction raises and lowers the rib cage and diaphragm during the active phases of breathing. As we breathe, oxygen enters the blood and is delivered to the tissues, including the muscles, where ATP is produced by skeletal muscle contraction allows the body temperature to remain within the normal range for human beings.
Finally, skeletal muscle contraction moves bones and allows us to perform those daily activities necessary to our health and benefit. Although it may seem as if movement of our bodies not affect homeostasis, it does so by allowing us to relocate our bodies to keep the external environment within favorable limits for our experiences.