1. Cat Dissection
By: Brigid Tracy; Haylee Alonso; Jess Duthie; Nicole Chagachbanian, Hannah Grogan

2. Important Terms Cranial- toward or pertaining to the head
Caudal- toward or pertaining to the tail or rear
Rostral- the most forward portion of the body
Dorsal- toward the back
Ventral- away from the back or toward the belly
Medial- toward the middle
Lateral- away from the middle
Proximal- the point nearest to the central axis
Distal- the point furthest from the central axis
Superficial- toward the surface
Deep- away from the surface
Superior- toward the top of a vertical plane
Inferior- away from the top of a vertical plane

3. Tools Blunt probe- very useful in tearing through connective tissue
Scissors- used to cut through skin, muscle
Scalpel- used to gently scrape away connective tissue
Needle probe- used as a pointer, or to attach the specimen to the dissecting tray
Forceps- used to grasp small objects and to remove connective tissue
Protective gear- because the preservative can be irritating to your skin and damage you clothes

4. Head and Neck Pinnae(external ears) Eyes
Superior palpebrae( upper eyelids)
Inferior palpebrae(lower eyelids)
Nostrils( external nares)
Vibrissae (whiskers)
Nicitating membrane- originates in the lower medial corner of the eye; transparent 3rd eyelid

5. Trunk Thoracic region Abdominal region Pelvic region
Pectoral region- ventral side of thorax
Back- dorsal side of thorax
Nipples- ventral surface of trunk in thoracic and abdominal regions; 2 rows of paired nipples associated with mammary glands
Genital region- posterior end of the pelvic region in both sexes
Testes
Penis
Urogenital aperture- external opening to the vagina and urethra

6. Useful Terms
Flexion- decrease in the angle at the joint between articulating bones
Extension- decrease in the angle at a joint
Abduction- movement away from the body's midline
Adduction- movement toward the body’s midline
Rotation- movement around a central axis
Supination- lateral rotation of the hand upward
Pronation- medial rotation of the hand downward
Eversion- rotation of the sole of the foot outward
Inversion- rotation of the sole of the foot inward
Circumduction- rotation of a limb around a central axis

7. Limbs and Tail
Limbs- as a typical quadruped mammal, the cat has four limbs- two upper forelimbs and two lower hind limbs.
Tail- is covered with variable amounts of fur and is useful as a rudder and balance beam during locomotion

8. Skinning

9. Pectoralis Major Origin: cranial half of sternum
Insertion: proximal third of the humerus
Action: adduction of the forelimb

10. Pectoralis Minor Origin: six vertebrae or xiphoid process
Insertion: ventral border of the humerus
Action: adduction of the forelimb

11. External Oblique Origin: lumbodorsal fascia of the caudal ribs
Insertion: sternum and along linea alba
Action: compression of the abdomen

12. Internal Oblique Origin: lumbodorsal fascia of the caudal ribs
Insertion: sternum and along the linea alba
Action: compression of the abdomen

13. Transverse abdominis
Origin: aponeurosis of the caudal costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae, and ventral border of ilium
Insertion: along linea alba
Action: compresses the abdomen

14. Rectus Abdominis Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: cartilage of the S’h-7’h ribs and the xiphoid
Action: compresses the abdomen and flexes the trunk

15. Trapezius Origin: 7th thoracic vertebrae and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: acromion process, scapula, and clavicle
Action: extends humerus, adducts scapula

16. Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: 4th or 5th thoracic vertebrae to the 6th lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Medial surface of the humerus
Action: pulls forelimb dorsocaudally

17. Sternomastoid Origin: cranial border of the manubrium
Insertion: lamboidal ridge and mastoid process of the temporal bone
Action: contraction by both will flex head; individual contraction will rotate head

18. Cleidomastoid Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion: lamboidal ridge and mastoid process of the temporal bone
Action: contraction by both will flex head; individual contraction will rotate head

19. Biceps Brachii Origin: scapula Insertion: radius
Action: flexion of the forearm, but also supinates the Manus and stabilizes the shoulder joint

20. Triceps Brachii
Origin: lateral head of the humerus; long head (scapula); medial head (medial side of humerus)
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Action: extension of antebrachium

21. Sartorius Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: fascia surrounding the knee and tibia
Action: adduction and rotation of the femur and extensions of the shank

22. Gracilis Origin: Ischium and pubis
Insertion: thin Apo neurosis associated with the shank
Action: adducts and retracts the thigh

23. Biceps Femoris Origin: one head in the cat; ischium
Insertion: tibia and patella
Action: abducts the thigh and flexes the shank

24. Semitendinosis Origin: ischium Insertion: medial surface of the tibia
Action: flexes lower leg

25. Vastus Medialis
Origin: shaft of the femur
Insertion: tibia

26. Rectus Femoris
Origin: ilium near acetabulum
Insertion: tibia

27. Vastus Lateralis Origin: greater trochanter and shaft of femur
Insertion: tibia

28. Gastrocnemius Achilles tendon
Origin: lateral head (patella/femur/tibia) medial head (femur)
Insertion: Achilles tendon that attaches to calcaneus bone
Action: extends the pes and flexes the antebrachium

29. Gluteus Maximus (smaller)
Origin: transverse processes of the last sacral and first caudal verterbrae
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
Action: abducts thigh

30. Gluteus Medius (bigger)
Origin: iliac crest, last sacral vertebrae, 1’ caudal vertebrae
Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
Action: abducts the thigh

31. External Intercostals
Origin: cranial rib
Insertion: adjacent caudal rib
Action: protraction of the irbs, which is required for inspiration

32. Longissimus Dorsi Origin: spines of vertebrae; ilium
Insertion: processes of more cranial vertebrae
Action: extends the vertebral column

33. Gastrointestinal tract
Long winding tube that carries food through its length
Esophagus: Liver: Stomach: Small Intestine: Large intestine:

34. Accessory organs
Supportive organs that lie outside the GI tract (teeth salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)

35. Diaphragm
An internal muscular partition dividing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

36. Lingual frenulum
The ventral fold of tissue attaching the tongue to the floor of the mouth

37. Filiform
Sharp projections off of the cats tongue to give a friction surface for grooming

38. Esophagus
Long, muscular tube that transports swallowed materials from the pharynx to the stomach
(behind trachea)

39. Mesentery
Double layer of peritoneum that extends from the visceral peritoneum of the small and large intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall

40. Liver
Prominent, dark-brown organ lying immediately deep to the diaphragm with most of its bulk on the right side

41. Gallbladder
Thin walled sac that receives newly manufactured bile from the liver for temporary storage

42. Stomach
J-Shaped enlargement of the GI tract; functions as a temporary reservoir for swallowed food

43. Small Intestine
Long winding tube that finalizes chemical digestion and is the only side for nutrient absorption

44. Large Intestine
Caudal portion of the GI tract; absorbs water from the contents that arrive from the small intestine, prepares and forms the feces

45. Rectum
Terminal segment of the large intestine

46. Pancreas
Located just below the greater curvature of the stomach; functions in the secretion of hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, secretion of digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

47. Larynx
Box like structure composed of 5 cartilages that create a small chamber; houses the vocal cords which produces sound when exhaled air in channeled through

48. Trachea
Tubular air passageway extending from the larynx to the thoracic vertebra, where it divides

49. Lungs
Multi-lobed structures located lateral, cranial, and caudal to the heart; consists of many air-filled alveoli

50. Kidneys
Bean shaped organs partially embedded in fat against the dorsal body wall

51. Ureters
Narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder at the base of the pelvic cavity

52. Urinary Bladder
Reservoir for urine; has the ability to expand

53. Thoracic Cavity
(or chest cavity) is the chamber of the human body (and other animal bodies) that is protected by the thoracic wall (thoraciccage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia).

54. Pleural Cavity
a closed space (like the inside of a balloon) within which the lung has grown. As the lung grows into the space, it picks up a layer of pleura (outside of balloon) and this is called the visceral pleura. The remainder of the pleura is called the parietal pleura.

55. Pericardial Cavity
or pericardial space) is a potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral layer. It contains a supply of serous fluid. The serous fluid that is found in this space is known as thepericardial fluid.

56. Apex and Base
Base: The part of the heart formed mainly by the left atrium and to a lesser extent by the posterior part of the right atrium, directed backward and to the right, and separated from the vertebral column by the esophagus and aorta.
Apex: the blunt extremity of the heart formed by the left ventricle

57. Family Picture