1. Economic Renewal and Religious Wars

2. Rise of Exploration

3. Why?  Mercantilism  Renaissance  Crusades  Reformation

4. Navigation  Compass  Improved maps  Astronomical charts  Better ships

5. Results  New World  Columbian Exchange  Triangle Trade

6. Economics  Commercial Revolution  Coins with fixed values  Standards of weight and measurement  Central banking  Join-stock companies  Colonies  Mercantilism- government needs to increase a country’s wealth (gold and silver)

7. Social Structures Middle Ages  Feudal lords  No middle class  Serfs 17 th Century  Aristocracy  Bourgeoisie  Peasants (might own or rent land)

8. Eastern vs. Western Europe Eastern Europe  Peasants sank into serfdom or “hereditary subjection”  Owed 3-4 days a week to the lord Western Europe  Peasants were able to sell what they produced and buy land  Owed lord 10 days a year of labor

9. Catholic Cause seems to be prevailing Phillip II: Leader of the Counter Reformation The Escorial Spain’s Golden Age Netherlands revolt and the Spanish Armada

10. Duke of Alva Council of “Blood” Catherine de Medici St. Bartholomews Day Turks defeated at Lapanto Moriscoe revolt put down Excommunication of Elizabeth

11. Inheritance Escorial Golden Age Netherlands Revolt Spanish Armada Portrait by Titian

14. Keeping his promise

15. Spain’s Golden Age  Cervantes  Lope de Vega  Murillo  Velazquez

16.  Political:  Religious:  Economic al: Surrender at Breda by Velasquez

20. Disintegration and Reconstruction of France

21. Conflicts in France  Huguenots  1534- Affair of Placards  1559- Mary Queen of Scots persecuted reformers  1562-1598- Religious Wars in France  1572- St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Politiques or “politicals”  1598- Edict of Nantes

22. Louis XIII  Son of Henry IV  Became king at age 8  Sick and weak, but appointed wise advisors

23. Cardinal Richelieu  Took power away from nobles  Threats:  Huguenots  Habsburgs  Strengthened trade and industry

24. Thirty Years’ War

25. Why was it fought?  Germany:  Civil war over religion  Civil war over states’ rights  Spain vs. France  Spain vs. Netherlands  Denmark, Sweden, and Transylvania involved

26. Phases of the War  Bohemian  Protestants lost to Catholics  Danish  Albert of Wallenstein  Denmark lost  Swedish  Some victories, but weakened by internal fighting  Swedish-French  France openly supported the Protestants

27. Thirty Years War  1618- France encouraged the war while avoiding the fight  Started as a Protestant Revolt in Prague against HRE  Changed from religious to political war  1648- France entered war

29. Peace of Westphalia  1648- ended Thirty Years’ War  Ended religious wars in Europe  New methods for peace negotiations  Balance of Power  Beginning of modern state system

30. Peace of Westphalia- Territory shift