1. Keep these all year!! Put your name on your packet!
Grammar Notes
Keep these all year!! Put your name on your packet!

2. On Second Page
3. Parts of Speech - way of categorizing words in isolation (singly)
(8 Parts = noun / pronoun / verb / adverb / adjective / conjunction / preposition / interjection )
4. Sentence Parts - way of identifying words based on function

3. Prepositions Step One:
1. Cross off all prepositional phrases (slot test) Put an X over the preposition and label the OP and circle it!
The bird flew ________ the cloud. = prep
Prep +what = OP

4. Prepositional Phrases
1. Prepositional Phrase= preposition object of preposition (OP).
EX: to the mall ; from the store ; except all those ; Can you think of another?

5. Prepositions
Preposition- A position word which shows relationships between objects and/or time frame
Slot Test for Most Prepositions = The bird flew _____________ the clouds.
A. subject/verb pairs are never found in a prepositional phrase
B of and with are always prepositions if used correctly.
C. If there are two prepositions in a row, cross out the second .

6. List of Prepositions above beneath down like regarding until at before
Prepositions LIST:
above
beneath
down
like
regarding
until at
before
during
unto
across
between
near
since up
along
beside
except
upon
amid
behind
for of
throughout
among
below
from on to
with
after
beyond
over
through
within
around
but in
outside
towards
without
atop by
inside
off
about
into
under
against
concerning
past
underneath

7. Object of the Preposition
2.Object of a Preposition (OP)-- the who or what in a prepositional phrase
EX: I went by the store. Store = object of preposition

8. Verbs
Step 2.
Double underline verb (label LV—linking; HV—helping; AV—action)
Answers: “What changes tense?”

9. Types of Verbs
5. Verb – indicate tense (past, present, future); actions or state of being
The 3 Types of Verbs:
action
helping
linking

10. Second Page Notes – Linking Verbs
6. Linking verbs (LV) – do not show action! Link subject with nouns/pronouns or adjectives.
EX His mother is an accountant The winners of the game were they.
Mary became sick after the high jump.

11. State of Being Verbs
State of being verbs - to be = is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
The REPLACEMENT TEST for linking verbs is to replace a linking verb with a form of “to be.” If it still makes sense without the meaning changed it is a LV.
The FLIP-FLOP TEST for Linking Verbs is if you flip-flop the sentence around the verb and it still means the same, it is a LV.

12. *to be = (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)
Linking Verbs
Linking Verbs List:
*to be = (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)

13. Complete Top Chart *to be to become to remain to taste to seem
to appear
to look
to sound
to stay
to smell
to grow

14. Helping Verbs 7. Helping Verbs (HV) – begin a verb phrase
EX. I may go to the store today. She did not tell him about the test. I shall wait until dark.

15. Helping Verbs List do is may shall does am must will Did are might can
has
was
should
have
were
would
had be
could
being
been

16. Action Verbs 8. Action Verbs (AV)- show/represent action
EX. I jumped over a toad and landed on a frog. Our teacher gave us a huge test today.

17. Subjects
3. Underline the subject once (Ask who/what plus verb)

18. Subjects
9. Subject (S)- who or what (and completes the verb after prepositions are eliminated)
and they must always indicate number (singular/ plural.)
EX. He went to the movies without you. Maria is a wonderful host.

19. Implied You
10. Implied (You) Subject- an understood “you” through a command
EX. (You) Take me with you to the park. (You) Go to the library and read a magazine.
11. Subject/Verb Pairs- who or what + verb (together)
EX. You are my sunshine. Garrett let the dog out earlier. (You) Take me out to the ball game.

20. Sentence Patterns
12. Sentence Patterns- Six (6) basic patterns used for building blocks
The six Basic Sentence Patterns:
1. S - V
2. S - AV - DO
3. S - AV - IO - DO
4. S - LV - PN
5. S - LV - PA
6. V – S (inverted sentence)

21. (DO= Direct Object, IO=Indirect Object, PN=Predicate Noun, PA= Predicate Adjective)
What kinds of sentence parts follow action verbs?
What kind of sentence parts follow linking verbs?
Can a DO ever come before an IO?
Does every DO have to have an IO?
Does every IO have to have a DO?
Can a DO and a PN or PA appear in the same sentence?

22. Direct Objects Steps to Labeling
4. If AV (action), DO (direct object)/label IO (indirect object)
13. Direct Objects (DO – Always follow an AV and receives the action of the verb (answers “what” of the verb)
EX. I throw the eraser. (Verb + who or what? Throws what? eraser)

23. Indirect Objects
14. Indirect Objects (IO) - always fall between AV and DO and receives the DO.
EX. I throw Ben the eraser. (Who receives the DO/ Ben ?______) The DO receives the IO.
I throw the eraser to Ben. (Why is Ben no longer an IO?) addition of the word “to”

24. Predicate Nouns and Predicate Adjectives
Steps to Labeling
5. If LV (linking), label PN/PA (PN—equals/renames S; PA—describes S)

25. Predicate Noun
15. Predicate Noun (PN) - always follows LV; noun/pronoun which renames the subject
EX. I am a teacher in the classroom. (Is the verb action/linking?) LV (Replacement/flip-flop)
“I” replaces/renames “teacher” - “teacher” is the PN

26. Predicate Adjectives
16. Predicate Adjective (PA)- always follows a LV and describes subject
EX. I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team. (Is the verb action /linking?) LV
Unhappy doesn’t equal I, but does it describe I? Yes Then unhappy is the what? PA

27. Noun Functions Steps to Labeling
6. Circle all noun functions (S, DO, IO, PN, OP)

28. Noun Functions 17. Noun Functions-
The five functions are: OP S DO IO PN

29. 7. Label all adjectives (ADJ) which modify all nouns
Steps to Labeling
7. Label all adjectives (ADJ) which modify all nouns

30. Adjectives 18. Adjectives (ADJ)- modifies nouns and pronouns
a an the and possessives (ex. Hers) are always Adjectives.
EX. The green bananas were hanging from the damaged apple tree.

31. 8. Label all adverbs (ADV) which modify V, ADJ, ADV
Steps to Labeling
8. Label all adverbs (ADV) which modify V, ADJ, ADV

32. Adverbs
19. Adverbs (ADV)- modifies everything that is not a noun/pronoun (adj., adv., verb)
The ending ly is a good clue but not a sure thing! Not and very are always adverbs
What is the only way to know for sure? Identify the word being modified.
EX. I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
Adverbs answer the questions: how, when, where, and to what extent.
Everything found after the adjectives (excluding conjunctions) are what? adverbs

33. Conjunctions
Steps to Labeling
9. Find conjunctions

34. 20. Conjunctions- connect elements; combine and connect
EX. The football and baseball players are rowdy. What are they connecting? nouns

35. Conjunctions
The three types are:
coordinate
subordinate
correlative

36. Coordinate conjunctions-
21. Coordinate conjunctions- connect items of the same kind
The Eight include: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, ; (punctuation mark)
A good way to remember these eight is the mnemonic device? FAN BOYS
EX. He ran and tripped. Mike and Billy-Bob had a party. He threw the hammer and the sickle.
He went to the movie, and he fell asleep. What are these conjunctions connecting? Verbs, subjects

37. Subordinate Conjunctions
22. Subordinate Conjunctions- make independent clauses into dependent clauses
EX. I saw my friend.  Before I saw my friend, I was very sad.

38. List of Subordinate Conjunctions
after
as long as if
unless
where
than
although
as soon as
in order that
until
wherever
though as
because
since
when
while
as if
before
so that
whenever

39. Correlative Conjunctions
23. Correlative Conjunction- connect items of same kind in pairs
List of Correlative Conjunctions
both – and
not only – but also
either – or
neither –nor
whether - or

40. Interjections Steps to Labeling Add: Label Interjections – Int
24. Interjections ( INJ ) – show expression and are followed by (!)
EX. WOW! Hurray! Ooops! Can you think of two others? Ouch! Snap!