1. Grammar Unit
English 9

2. Parts of Speech Definition: a way of categorizing words in isolation
Eight:
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection

3. Sentence Parts
Definition: a way of identifying words in sentences based on their function or relationship to other words in the same sentence
Every word is NOT a sentence part!

4. Step 1
Identify prepositional phrases

5. Prepositional Phrases
Preposition + Object of Preposition (noun or pronoun that follows the preposition)
Position word
Shows the position (relationship) of one object to another

6. Slot Test for Prepositions
The bird flew __________ the clouds.

7. Slot Test for Prepositions
It must answer a question
Example of a prepositional phrase:
I went by the store.
By what? The store.
Therefore, by the store is a prepositional phrase
Non-example:
I went by and bought some food.
By what? There is no answer.
Therefore, there is no prepositional phrase!

8. Rules of Prepositions
Subject/verb pairs are NEVER found in a prepositional phrase.
The words of and with are ALWAYS prepositions (if used correctly)
To find subject/verb pairs, simplify sentences by identifying and eliminating all prepositional phrases

9. Generate Preposition List
Complete Prepositions Worksheet #1
Fill words into your preposition list in your Grammar Notes packet

10. Step 2
Identify the verb

11. Verbs
Three types
helping verbs
linking verbs
action verbs

12. Linking Verbs Do NOT show action
Link the subject with a noun or pronoun
Link the subject with an adjective (describing word) OR

13. Linking Verbs Example sentences His mother is an accountant.
links mother and accountant
The winners of the game were they.
Links winners and they
Mary became sick after the high jump.
links Mary and sick

14. Linking Verbs State of being verbs Differing forms of “to be” is am
are
was
were be
being
been

15. Linking Verbs Verbs that are ALWAYS linking verbs
To be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)
To seem
To become

16. Linking Verbs Verbs that are sometimes linking verbs To feel To taste
To look
To smell
To sound
To grow
To remain
To appear
To stay

17. Linking Verbs Replacement Test
To check if a verb is serving as a linking verb, replace it with a form of “to be.”
If the sentence makes sense and the meaning is not changed, the verb is a linking verb!
Example:
Joe seemed angry today.
Joe was angry today.

18. Linking Verbs
Flip-Flop Test

19. Helping Verbs Help with creating tense Examples of helping verbs: isbe
had
should
must am
being do
would
can
are
been
does
could
shall
was
has
did
may
were
have
will
might

20. Helping Verbs Example sentences: I may go to the store today.
She did not tell him about the test.
I shall wait until dark.

21. Action Verbs
expressing action - something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do
Examples:
I jumped over a toad and landed on a frog.
Our teacher gave us a huge test today.
Jimmy thought about his project.

22. Step 3
Identifying the subject

23. Subject/Verb Pairs and Prepositional Phrases
Identify the subject and verb of the following sentence:
From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.

24. Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
Remember, you NEVER find a subject/verb pair in a prepositional phrase!
First step:
Cross off all prepositional phrases (PP)
From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.

25. Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.
What’s left?
…came the screams…

26. Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
2nd Step: Locate the verb
Remember verbs are action, linking or helping
Verbs indicate tense
Past, present and future
Which word would change the tense of the sentence?
came?
the?
screams?

27. Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
3rd Step: Locate the verb
Example:
From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.
“came” is the verb!

28. Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
Locate the subject
Ask who/what + verb?
Who/what “came”?
From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.
Verb

29. Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
Who/what “came”?
The screams came.
Therefore, screams is the subject
From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.
Verb
Subject

30. Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
Keep in mind:
Subjects MUST indicate number
One or more than one
In our example:
From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.
screams is plural

31. Imperative Sentences Identify the subject/verb pair Example:
Take the roast from the oven.

32. Imperative Sentences Identifying the subject/verb pair Example:
Take the roast from the oven.
Has anyone ever seen a roast take something out of the oven?
NO? So who/what is the subject?

33. Imperative Sentences It’s YOU! Imperative sentences are commands.
Therefore, the understood subject is “you”

34. Imperative Sentences Is the following example an imperative sentence?
Mark, leave the room immediately!

35. Imperative Sentences Yes, it is. “Mark” is a noun of address
Mark is not the subject
Notice the comma following the name
This indicates that Mark is not the subject, just a means of getting his attention

36. Subject/Verb Patterns
Complete Subject/Verb Pairs Worksheet #1 and #2

37. Sentence Patterns English language has six basic patterns S-V
S-(a)V-DO
S-(a)V-IO-DO
S-(l)V-PN
S-(l)V-PA
V-S (inverted sentence)

38. Sentence Patterns Legend S=subject V=verb (a)V=action verb
(l)V-linking verb
DO=direct object
IO=indirect object
PN=predicate noun
PA=predicate adjective

39. Sentence Patterns
Practice identifying sentence patterns using previous prepositional phrase exercises

40. Direct Objects
Always follow an action verb and receive the action of the verb.
Verb + who or what?

41. Direct Objects Example: Follow the steps (strategies):
I throw the eraser.
Follow the steps (strategies):
1. Any prepositional phrases?
2. Verb?
3. Subject?
4. If action verb - Direct Object?

42. Direct Objects Example: Follow the steps (strategies):
I throw the eraser.
Follow the steps (strategies):
1. Any prepositional phrases? none
2. Verb? throw
3. Subject? Who throws? I
4. Type of verb? action Direct Object? (If there is an action verb) eraser

43. Direct Objects Complete DO Practice #1 to find direct objects.
Also, identify sentence patterns for each sentence.

44. Indirect Objects
Always fall between an action verb and a direct object.
An IO receives the DO.
Look for a noun or pronoun in between the actoin verb and the direct object.
Make sure it RECEIVES the DO!

45. Indirect Objects Example: Follow the steps (strategies):
I throw Ben the eraser.
Follow the steps (strategies):
1. Any prepositional phrases? none
2. Verb? throw
3. Subject? Who throws? I
4. What type of verb? action
Direct Object? eraser
5. Indirect Object?

46. Indirect Objects Example: Follow the steps (strategies):
I throw Ben the eraser.
Follow the steps (strategies):
1. Any prepositional phrases? none
2. Verb? throw
3. Subject? Who throws? I
4. Type of verb? action
Direct Object? eraser
5. Indirect Object? Ben

47. Indirect Objects Does the following sentence have an indirect object?
Example:
I throw the eraser to Ben.

48. Indirect Objects
Does the following sentence have an indirect object? NO!
Example: DO
I throw the eraser to Ben.

49. Indirect Objects Use IO Practice #1 to find indirect objects.
Identify sentence patterns.
All sentences with IO’s should be:
S-V-IO-DO.

50. Direct Objects and Inidirect Objects
Use DO and IO Practice #1 to find direct objects and indirect objects.
Identify sentences patterns.
You should NEVER find an IO following a DO!
Some sentences will not have DO’s.

51. Predicate Nouns
Always follow a linking verb and equal or rename the subject.

52. Predicate Nouns Example: Follow steps:
I am a teacher in this classroom.
Follow steps:
1. prepositional phrases?
2. verb?
3. subject?
4. Type of verb? linking predicate noun?
Notice we have changed to a LINKING VERB!

53. Predicate Nouns Example: Follow steps:
I am a teacher in this classroom.
Follow steps:
1. prepositional phrases? in this classroom
2. verb? am
3. subject? Who is? I
4. Type of verb? linking
predicate noun? Is the sentence saying that I = teacher?
Yes! Therefore, teacher is the predicate noun.

54. Predicate Nouns Example: PN My dad is the track coach at school.
dad = coach
Julie is the best volleyball player on the team.
Julie = player

55. Predicate Nouns A sentence may contain a compound predicate noun
Example:
PN PN
My best subjects are history and math.

56. Predicate Nouns Complete Predicate Nouns Practice #1 and #2
Identify the sentence patterns.

57. Predicate Adjectives
Follows a linking verb and describes the subject

58. Predicate Adjectives Example: Follow the steps:
I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.
Follow the steps:
Prepositional phrase?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb? linking
Predicate Noun? none
Predicate adjective?

59. Predicate Adjectives Example: Follow the steps:
I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.
Follow the steps:
Prepositional phrase? about the loss, of my favorite team
Verb? am
Subject? Who is? I
Type of verb? linking
Predicate Noun? none
Predicate adjective? unhappy

60. Predicate Adjectives
Remember, some linking verbs deal with the senses.
If the verb can be replaced with is or are, it is being used as a linking verb
Example:
The peanuts taste salty.
The peanuts are salty.

61. Predicate Adjectives Example: Follow steps: My dog is brown.
Prepositional phrase?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb? linking
Predicate noun? none
Predicate adjective?

62. Predicate Adjectives Example: PA My dog is brown.
The shorts in the closet are blue.

63. Predicate Adjectives Complete Predicate Adjectives Practice #1 and #2
Identify sentence patterns

64. Noun Functions How a noun is used in a sentence Five functions:
Object of a preposition
A subject
A direct object
An indirect object
As a predicate noun

65. Noun Functions
Complete Predicate Adjectives/Noun Functions Practice #1
Identify sentence patterns

66. Noun Functions Complete Noun Functions Practice #1 and #2
Identify sentence patterns

67. Adjectives Modifies nouns or pronouns
a, an, and the are ALWAYS adjectives
Nouns must follow them
Sometimes other adjectives or adverbs may follow too
ALL possessive pronouns and possessive words function as adjectives

68. Adjectives Example: Follow steps:
The green bananas were hanging from the damaged apple tree.
Follow steps:
Prepositional phrases?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb?
DO?
Identify nouns and pronouns (OP, S, DO, IO, PN) and find words modifying them.

69. Adjectives Example: Follow steps:
The green bananas were hanging from the damaged apple tree.
Follow steps:
Prepositional phrases? from the damaged apple tree
Verb? were hanging
Subject? What was hanging? bananas
Type of verb? action
DO? Were hanging what? Were hanging what? No DO.
Noun/pronoun modifiers? the green, the damaged, apple

70. Adjectives Example: adj adj HV AV The green bananas were hanging from
adj adj adj PO
the damaged apple tree.

71. Adverbs Modify everything that is not a noun or pronoun
Modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs
Words ending in –ly are adverbs, but not all adverbs end in –ly
The only way to be sure is to ID the word being modified!
Tell where, when, how much, and to what extent

72. Adverbs Example: Follow the steps:
I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
Follow the steps:
Prepositional phrases?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb? DO? Or PN or PA?
Adjectives?
Adverbs?

73. Adverbs Example: Follow the steps:
I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
Follow the steps:
Prepositional phrases? about the loss, of my friendly brother, in the extremely violent storm
Verb? was
Subject? Who was? I
Type of verb? linking DO? No, not an AV Or PN or PA? PA – distraught (describes I)
Adjectives? the, my, friendly, the, violent
Adverbs? very, extremely

74. Adjectives and Adverbs
Complete Adjective and Adverbs Practice #1
Identify sentence patterns.

75. Conjunctions Connect elements Two types:
Coordinate – connect like elements, two phrases, two clauses, two sentences, two sentence parts
and, but, for, nor, yet, so, or
Subordinate – subordinate one element to another
before, after, because, if, when (just a few)