1. The 8 Principal Parts of Speech

2. Noun
A noun names a person, place, thing, quality, or condition. Nouns have number: singular and plural and gender: masculine, feminine or neuter.
Types of Nouns
Proper nouns name a specific person, place, thing, quality, or condition. They are always capitalized. Common nouns name ordinary persons, places, things, qualities, or conditions. *Frequent noun suffixes: -ion, -er/-or, -on, -ity, -ing (without a preceding helping verb).

3. Pronoun
A pronoun replaces a noun or other pronoun. All pronouns have number and gender.
ALL pronouns need clearly stated antecedents.
Antecedent: a noun to which the pronoun refers or a noun the pronoun replaces.

4. Types of Pronouns (Examples and explanations follow.)
Personal: replace people; reflect CASE (usage)
and PERSON (who is speaking)
Reflexive: refer to –self/-selves
Demonstrative: replace by pointing out
nouns/pronouns
Interrogative: ask questions
Indefinite: replace non-specific
Relative: connects a noun or adjective clause
to the independent clause

5. Personal and Reflexive Pronouns
Nominative
Used as subject or predicate nominative
Objective
Used as direct or indirect object or object of a preposition
Possessive
Used to show ownership;
may also be possessive adjectives
Reflexive
Used to refer to self
1st I me
my, mine
myself
2nd
you
your, yours
yourself
3rd
he, she, it
him, her, it
his,
her, hers,
its
himself,
herself,
itself we us
our, ours
ourselves
yourselves
they
them
their, theirs
themselves

6. Types of Pronouns Demonstrative
Interrogative: when response is a noun/pronoun
Who? replaces people; nominative case
Whose? replaces people; possessive case
Whom? replaces people; objective case
Which? replaces objects/places; nominative, objective,
possessive case
What? replaces objects/places; nominative or objective
case
singular
plural
near
this
these
far
that
those

7. Types of Pronouns Indefinite
Always singular: each, either, neither, one
no every one
some any body
Always plural: both, few, several, many
Either depending on antecedent: some, all, any, none, most

8. Types of Pronouns Relative who refers to people; nominative case
whom refers to people; objective case
whose refers to people; possessive case
which refers to things/places; all cases
that refers to all; all cases

9. Adjective An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
It will answer the following questions:
- What kind of noun/pronoun?
- Which noun/pronoun?
- How many noun/pronoun?
*Frequent adjective suffixes: -ive, -ous, -ate, -al, -ful

10. Types of Adjectives (Examples and explanations follow.)
Article: state a noun/pronoun will follow
Demonstrative: show nouns/pronouns
Interrogative: ask questions about
nouns/pronouns
Indefinite: describe non-specific

11. Types of Adjectives Articles (the, a/an)
Definite: speaker and audience share specific
noun/pronoun
Indefinite: speaker and audience relate
unknown noun/pronoun
Demonstrative (used before a noun/pronoun)
singular plural
near this these
far that those

12. Types of Adjectives Interrogative (used before a noun/pronoun)
What?
Which?
Indefinite (used before a noun/pronoun)
Each - Most
Either - No
Neither All
Some One
Any

13. Verb
A verb is a word that shows action, state of being, links a word in the subject to a word in the predicate, or helps another verb show tense.
A verb phrase is one or more helping verbs and a main verb that show action, state of being, or link a word in the subject to a word in the predicate. The group of words functions as one verb.

14. Types of Verbs (Examples and explanations follow.)
Action: Can you or could you do it?
Linking: functions like an =
Helping: helps other verbs show tense
Tense is the time the verb shows.
Frequent verb suffixes: -ed, -ing

15. Types of Verbs Action Verbs
Transitive: must be used with a direct object
Direct Object: Find these three criteria:
Noun or pronoun
After Action Verb
Answers: (Action Verb) whom?
(Action Verb) what?
Intransitive: never a direct object after it

16. Types of Verbs Linking Verbs seem stay is smell grow are
taste remain was
look appear were
feel become be
sound being been

17. Types of Verbs Helping Verbs (always followed by another verb in a
verb phrase)
am can shall
is may will
are must have
was might has
were could had
be would do
being should did
been does

18. Adverb
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
It will answer the following:
(verb/adjective/adverb) how?
“ when?
“ where?
“ why?
“ to what extent? how long/much?
“ under what conditions?
Frequent adverb suffixes: -ly (Not all -ly words are
adverbs.)
Always adverbs: not, never, always, very, soon, too,
also

19. Prepositions
A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun after it to another word in the sentence.
The noun or pronoun after the preposition is called the Object of the Preposition. A preposition may not exist in a sentence without an object.
Think of it as anywhere a cat can be or go in relationship to a house. (p. 352)

20. Conjunction A conjunction connects words or groups of words.
Types of Conjunctions
(Examples and explanations follow.)
- Coordinate/coordinating
- Correlative
- Subordinate

21. Types of Conjunctions Coordinate/Coordinating: joins equal words or
groups of words
and: joins equals
but: excludes equals
or: allows choice
nor: negative choice
for: similar to because
yet: similar to but

22. Types of Conjunction Correlative Conjunctions: joins equal words
or groups of words;
found in pairs
-either … or
-neither … nor
-both … and
-not only …but also

23. Types of Conjunctions
Subordinate: joins unequal parts of sentences; usually an adverb clause to an independent clause
Examples: because, so, when, if, where,
while (p. 419)

24. Interjection
An interjection shows emotion or strong feeling but has no other grammatical tie to the sentence.
Types of Interjections
Mild interjections are punctuated with a comma and are not separated from the rest of the sentence
Strong interjections are punctuated with an exclamation point and are separated from the rest of the sentence.