1. DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 3

2. The Decades of Life
Write one-two words that seem appropriate to each decade of life.
Decades:
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
Write the letter “E” next to the decade for which it was easiest to find words and the letter “H” next to the decade for which it was the hardest to find words.
Why are some decades easier or harder than others? Do the first three decades tend to be the easiest? Why ? Do they that no important changes occur after early adulthood? Did they respond to certain decades in terms of specific individuals? Common words for particular decade?. Later, discuss stage theories and criticisms.

3. Objective 1: What are three major issues studied by developmental psychologists?
1. Nature & Nurture:
What has a greater impact on who you are – DNA or home environment?
2. Continuity & Stages:
Is development more of a gradual process or more of a series of unique stages
3. Stability & Change:
Do our core personality traits persist through life or are we different people as we age?

4. Development Survey Stability/Change Score = Answer #s 1-9
Put your scores & what they mean in your notes next to definitions of the 3 debates
Development Survey
8+ = traits persist
7- = traits change
Stability/Change Score =
(1,4,7)
Continuity/ Stages Score =
(2,5,8)
Nature / Nurture Score =
(3,6,9)
Answer #s 1-9
Reverse #3, #4, #5
0 change to 5
1 change to 4
2 change to 3
3 change to 2
4 change to 1
5 change to 0
Total #s 1,4,7 =
Total #s 2,5,8 =
Total #s 3,6,9=
8+ = dev gradual/continuous
7- = distinct unique stages
8+ =see nature (DNA) as more important
7- = see nurture (home) as more imp.

5. Conception Objective 2: How does conception occur, & what are chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the genome
Conception: egg nucleus and sperm nucleus fuse

6. Prenatal Development Chromosomes DNA Genes
structures that carry genes, which are the basic units of heredity
DNA
the biological instructions that make each species unique
Carry genes
Genes
segment of DNA
active or inactive
triggered by environment
many genes effect one trait

7. Heredity & environment interact.
passing traits from parent to offspring
Genome
shared human genetic code
Heredity & environment interact.
Height – diet and/or injury during growth
Kalie & Ashley

8. Objective 3: How does life develop before birth, and how do teratogens put prenatal development at risk?
fertilized egg = zygote (1st 10 days)
embryo = week 2 -8
fetus = 9 weeks on
teratogens – damage fetus
(FAS)

9. Objective 4: What are the newborns abilities & traits?
Reflexes
responses suited for survival
Rooting
Gaze longer at facelike images
Look at images 12 inches away
Within days after birth can distinguish mother’s smell & voice
12 inches is the distance between nursing baby eyes and mother’s eyes.

10. #3-12-14-19: fearfulness score
Babies also differ…
Temperament – emotional excitability
identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins to share the same temperament
Activity = energy output don’t sit still long; active rather than quiet activities
Emotionality = intensity of emotional reactions – frightened or angry very quickly
Sociability = tendency to affiliate & interact w/ others. Seek out others & enjoy their company
Reverse the score for #s 6, 18 & 19 (5=1,4=2,3=3,2=4,1=5)
#2,7,10,17 Activity Total
13.4 / 12.8
# : distress score
# : fearfulness score
# : anger score
10.0 / 9.7
10.6/8.9
10.2/10.8
#1,6,15,20 Sociability Total
13.4 / 12.8

11. Objective 5: How do twin & adoption studies help us understand the effects of nature nurture
Heredity/DNA
separated twin studies control ___________while varying
the_____________
adoption studies control ______________while varying
non-twin siblings who grow up together, whether biologically related or not, do not much resemble one another in personality
adoptees are more similar to biological parents than adoptive parents in most traits except for religious & political beliefs
environment
environment
Heredity/DNA
(Twins Clip #1
5 minutes)
complete similarity survey
read Jim & Jim
take notes

12. Infancy Childhood

13. Objective 6 How do the brain & motor skills develop during infancy & childhood?
maturation: biological growth process leading to orderly changes in behavior, independent of experience
born w/ all brain cells ever need BUT it’s the wiring – the neural networks – that develop throughout life

14. Objective 6… Brain Development
nature & nurture working together
critical period:
time early in life when exposure to certain stimuli/experience is needed for proper development
Brain development
3 to 6 years (frontal lobe)
Association Areas – last to develop
Pruning process happens in teen years
“use-it-or-lose-it”
Biological growth process NOT due to experience – shows similarities in species

15. Objective 6 Motor Development…
the sequence of physical development is universal
heredity plays major role in motor dev.
(experience doesn’t have much effect)
premature babies are massaged

16. Developmental Landmarks
Laugh – 2 months
Tricycle – 24 months
Sit – 5/6 months
Ashamed – 2 years
Walk – 12 months
1 foot - 4 ½ years
Recognize & smile at mom or dad – 4/5 months
Kick ball forward – 20 months
Think about things unseen – 2 years
2-word sentences – 20/22 months

17. cognitive development
Objective 7 How did Piaget view the developmental stages of a child’s mind, & how does current thinking about cognitive development differ?
Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile, and they can retain that learning for a month.

18. After habituating to the stimulus on the left, 4-month-olds stared longer if shown the impossible version of the cube—where one of the back vertical bars crosses over a front horizontal bar.

19. Jean Piaget ( )
“If we examine the intellectual development of the individual or of the whole of humanity, we shall find that the human spirit goes through a certain number of stages, each different from the other”
interested when he realized children tended to make the same mistakes on tests at certain ages

20. struggle to make sense of our experiences
18- to 30-month-old children may fail to take the size of an object into account when trying to perform impossible actions with it.
At left, a 21-month-old attempts to slide down a miniature slide. At right, a 24-month-old opens the door to a miniature car and tries to step inside.

21. Objective 7 Piaget…
People constantly building SCHEMAS – framework that organizes & interprets information

22. Leave 5 lines for each box
STAGE
AGE
KEY TERMS
EXAMPLE OF BEHAVIOR
sensorimotor
Provide any key terms given & define
Give age range
Define term
object permanence
preoperational
conservation
egocentric
theory of mind
concrete operational
formal operational