1. Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition
BIOL 103, Chapter 12-2

2. Today’s Topics Lactation
Resources for Pregnant and Lactating Women and their Children
Infancy

3. Lactation Breastfeeding trends Healthy People 2020 goals
To increase the proportion of newborns who are initially breastfed to almost _____%
Current stats:
74% of infants breastfed initially
44% of infants still breastfed at 6 months

4. Physiology of Lactation
Changes during adolescence and pregnancy
Increased ____________
___________ of structure  ducts/glands and _________ cells are formed
After delivery
Milk production and secretion
Colostrum:

5. Physiology of Lactation
Hormonal controls stimulated by______ ________________:
Prolactin: stimulates milk _____________
Oxytocin: stimulates milk _____________
“Let-down” reflex – release of milk from breast tissue in response to oxytocin.

6. Summary of Lactation Physiology
Infant suckling  pituitary gland release prolactin  milk tissue production
Infant suckling  pituitary gland release oxytocin  release milk
Thus, giving water or infant formula to the baby reduces the time spent nursing at the breast  ___________________ declines

7. Nutrition for Breastfeeding
Energy and protein
_________ needs than during pregnancy
Well-nourished pregnant women will ______ weight slowly 1 ¾ lbs/month after ~6 months.
Vitamins and minerals
Most are ____________ as during pregnancy
Iron and folate needs are ___________
Water
AI for total water = 3.8 liters/day

8. Nutrition for Breastfeeding
Food choices
___________ Daily Food Plan for Moms
~2,200–2,800 Kcal/day
Choose foods high in vitamins and minerals and low in added sugar and solid fats
Supplementation is generally not necessary, unless…
________ for vegans
________ for women with irregular sun exposure
Practices to avoid during lactation
Smoking, Alcohol, Drugs

9. Benefits of Breastfeeding (PS12, Q3a)
Benefits for infants
Optimal nutrition
Builds stronger __________ system: protects infant from infections and illness including diarrhea, ear infections, pneumonia, and asthma
Convenience

10. Benefits of Breastfeeding (PS12, Q3b)
Benefits for mother
Enhanced recovery of __________ size
Help women return to ____________ weight faster
Convenience
Contraindications to breastfeeding
Infant or maternal ____________________
Damaged breast ducts
Drug use

11. Resources for Pregnant and Lactating Women and their Children
Promote health of pregnant and breastfeeding women and their children
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
Service of _________________
Provides food assistance
Provides nutrition education
Provides referrals

12. Infancy Infancy: 0 -1 years old
_______ is the best marker of nutritional status
Evaluated using __________________
Weight gain
Double birth weight by _______ months
Triple birth weight by _____ months
Length gain (not height B/C infants can’t stand)
Increase length by 50% by _____ months
Head circumference measures _________ growth and development

13. Energy and Nutrient Needs During Infancy
Requirements based on composition of _______________________
Energy and Protein
Highest needs of any life stage
2x adult’s needs
Carbohydrate and fat
Both are ______________ source
Carbohydrates as simple sugars
Water
Supplemental water feeding is ______ necessary for healthy infants who are exclusively breastfed (or receive properly mixed formulas).
This is true even in _____________ weather.
Once solid foods are introduced, additional water may be required.

14. Energy and Nutrient Needs During Infancy
Key vitamins and minerals
Vitamin __: need adequate sunlight exposure
Vitamin __: produced by gut bacteria
Single dose of vitamin K since gut is sterile at birth
Vitamin ___: problem for a strict vegetarian mom
Folate metabolism and cell division
Iron: if formula fed, need iron-fortified formula
Fluoride: at 6 months

15. Energy and Nutrition needs during Infancy
Newborn Breastfeeding
Recommended as the ______ method of feeding infants to achieve optimal growth and development.
Feedings 2-3 hours for a total of 8-12 feedings/day
10-15 minutes/breast
AAP recommends that NO supplements of formula or water be given to breastfed neonates unless medically indicated

16. Energy and Nutrient Needs during Infancy
Alternative feeding: Infant Formula
Standard infant formula
Cow’s milk base
“imperfect copy” of breastmilk
Soy-based formula
Soy protein base
Switched to soy-based if formula-fed infants are having feeding problems (vomiting and diarrhea).

17. Energy and Nutrient Needs during Infancy
Special formula for formula-fed infants who are:
________ to milk/soy
________ babies
Have rare defects in metabolic pathway
Use medium-chain triglycerides as the fat source

18. Energy and Nutrient Needs during Infancy
How much is enough?
Guidelines for feeding infant
6 or more wet diapers per day
3 or more stools per day
Regain to birth weight within the first week
Best indicators that baby has enough to eat: _____________, ___________ elimination patterns, and satisfied demeanor.

19. Introduction to Solid Foods
Readiness for complimentary foods at ~___ months _______________ to breast milk/infant formula
Infants show:
Physiological readiness:
Digestive ___________________
Ability to maintain __________________
Depletion of iron stores
Developmental readiness:
Lack of ____________________ – young infant’s response to thrust tongue forward when a spoon is put into the mouth.
Head and body control
Examples:

20. The Start Healthy Feeding Guidelines
Feeding schedule for the first two years

21. Feeding Problems during Infancy
______________
Crying and distress, perhaps from abdominal cramping
No clear effective treatment
Early childhood dental caries
Associated with putting baby to bed with a bottle (milk, juice, etc.)
Iron-deficiency anemia
For ______________ infants who do not eat enough iron-rich foods.

22. Feeding Problems during Infancy
Gastroesophageal reflux - backflow of stomach contents to espophagus
~3% of newborns, usually male
Usually disappears within 12–18 months
Diarrhea
Requires increased _____________
Failure to thrive (FTT)
Poor growth in absence of ___________
Can be due to shortage or improper preparation of appropriate foods