1. Chapter 11 Diet during Infancy yyjdtd
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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2. Nutritional Requirements of the Infant
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Nutritional Requirements of the Infant
Birth weight doubles by 6 months and triples within first year
During the first year approximately 98 to 108 calories per kilogram of body weight each day
Nutritional needs depend on child’s growth rate
The basis of the infant’s diet is breast milk or formula.
Essential vitamins and minerals can be supplied in breast milk, formula.
Vitamin D supplement given in breastfed infants not exposed to sunlight
When reaching 6 months of age, the infant given iron-fortified cereal .
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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3. Benefits for the Infant
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Breastfeeding
Benefits for the Infant
Has perfect composition for baby’s needs
Breast milk provides antibodies
Lower incidence of ear infections, diarrhea, allergies.
Promotion of good jaw development
Decreased risk of obesity later in life
Facilitation of bonding between mother and child
Helps lose weight gained during pregnancy
Stimulates uterus to contract back to original size
Is economical
Provides opportunity for resting
Is always right temperature and readily available
Second semester 14-15
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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4. Breastfeeding (cont'd)
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Breastfeeding (cont'd)
Also beneficial to mothers
Less risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis
Indications of adequate nutrition of the infant include:
Infant has six or more wet diapers per day
Infant has normal growth
Infant has one to two bowel movements per day
Breast becomes less full during nursing
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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5. yyjdtd
Bottle Feeding
Infant should be cuddled and held in semi-upright position
During and after the feeding, the infant should be burped to release gas in the stomach and prevent regurgitation (vomiting).
Formulas made from modified cow’s milk to resemble breast milk in nutritional value
Formulas has more protein and mineral salts and less lactose than human milk
Synthetic formula may be used for infants who are sensitive or allergic
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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6. Bottle Feeding (cont'd)
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Bottle Feeding (cont'd)
Formula must be prepared with correct amount of water to prevent health complications
Too little water will create too heavy a protein and mineral load for the infant’s kidneys.
Too much water will dilute the nutrient and calorie value so that the infant will not thrive,
Infants under the age of 1 year should not be given regular cow’s milk , it can cause gastrointestinal blood loss in infants
Infants should not be put to bed with a bottle , The milk then bathes the upper front teeth, causing tooth decay.
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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7. yyjdtd
Supplementary Foods
The introduction of solid foods before the age of 4 to 6 months is not recommended.
Solid foods must be introduced gradually and individually
Solids should be started with iron-fortified rice cereal then other infant's cereals
Followed with cooked vegetables, then cooked fruits, egg yolk, and finely meats
Honey should never be given to an infant because it could be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum bacteria.
When the infant learns to drink from a cup, juice can be introduced from a cup better than a bottle
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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8. Supplementary Foods (cont'd)
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Supplementary Foods (cont'd)
Never be given from a bottle because babies will fill up on it and not get enough calories from other sources.
Use only 100 percent juice products because they are nutrient-dense.
Solid foods are introduced at 4 to 6 months. Breast milk or formula continues to be the main source of calories at this age.
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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9. Special Nutritional Needs
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Special Nutritional Needs
Premature infants
Cystic fibrosis
Galactosemia
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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10. Premature Infants An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
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Premature Infants
An infant born before 37 weeks of gestation
Sucking reflex not developed until 34 weeks of gestation
Infants born earlier require total parenteral nutrition, tube feedings, or bolus feedings
Other concerns:
Low birth weight, underdeveloped lungs, immature gastrointestinal tract, inadequate bone mineralization, and lack of fat reserves
Many special formulas available, but breast milk best
Composition perfect even for premature infants
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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11. Cystic Fibrosis 35 to 40 percent of diet should be from fat
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Cystic Fibrosis
Inherited disease in which body secretes abnormally thick mucus within cells lining organs such as the lungs and pancreas.
Decreased production of digestive enzymes and malabsorption of fat
Recommendation:
35 to 40 percent of diet should be from fat
Digestive enzymes and fat-soluble vitamin supplementation at meal times
Nighttime tube feedings may be indicated
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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12. yyjdtd
Galactosemia
Galactosemia is a condition, in which there is a lack of the liver enzyme transferase which converts galactose to glucose
Excessive amount of galactose in blood becomes toxic
Signs and symptoms
diarrhea, vomiting, edema, and abnormal liver function
Cataracts may develop
Galactosuria and mental retardation occur
Diet therapy:
Exclusion of anything containing milk from any mammal
Nutritional supplements of calcium, vitamin D, and riboflavin
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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13. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Infants lack liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase which is necessary for metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine
Infants normal at birth, but if untreated, become hyperactive, suffer seizures, and become mentally retarded between 6 and 18 months
Lifelong diet therapy:
Commercial formula Lofenalac
Regular blood tests
Synthetic milk for older children
Avoidance of phenylalanine
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
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14. yyjdtd
Conclusion
Infants must have adequate diets to avoid impairment of physical and mental development
Breastfeeding
Nature’s way of feeding infant
Formula feeding also acceptable
Some infants have special nutritional needs
Second semester
Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Diet during Infancy
hjvjbkvv