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Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.1 Chapter 11 Nutrition in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence.

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Presentation on theme: "Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.1 Chapter 11 Nutrition in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence."— Presentation transcript:

1 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.1 Chapter 11 Nutrition in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

2 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.2 Chapter 11 Lesson 11.1

3 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.3 Key Concepts Normal growth of children varies within a relatively wide range of measures. Human growth and development require both nutrition and psychosocial support.

4 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.4 Life Cycle Growth Pattern Infancy: First year of life Childhood: Between infancy and adolescence Adolescence: Onset of puberty Adulthood: Physical maturity

5 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.5 Measuring Childhood Growth Growth rates vary Physical growth measured by growth charts of height, weight, head circumference, body mass index Psychosocial development includes attitudes toward food

6 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.6 CDC Growth Chart

7 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.7 Nutritional Requirements for Growth Energy needs in kilocalories Macronutrients –Carbohydrates as main energy source –Protein for building tissue –Fat for back-up energy and essential fatty acids

8 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.8 Nutritional Requirements for Growth, cont’d Water –Metabolic needs, especially during periods of rapid growth –Infants require more water per unit of body weight than do adults Minerals and vitamins –Calcium –Iron

9 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.9 Nutritional Requirements for Growth, cont’d Example: Total daily caloric intake for a typical 5-year-old is spent in the following way: –Basal metabolism 50% –Physical activities 25% –Tissue growth 12% –Fecal loss 8% –Metabolic effect of food 5%

10 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.10 Needs in Infancy Adequate weight –Low birth weight: <2500 g (5 lb) –Very low birth weight: <1500 g (3 lb) –Extremely low birth weight: <990 g (2 lb) Gestational age –Immature Types of milk Methods of feeding –Full term

11 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.11 Needs in Infancy, cont’d Breastfeeding is ideal –Nutrients easily absorbed –Supports immunity –Mother-child bonding

12 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.12 Needs in Infancy, cont’d Bottle feeding –Choosing a formula –Preparing the formula –Feeding the formula –Cleaning bottles and nipples

13 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.13 Needs in Infancy, cont’d Weaning Cow’s milk –Should never be fed to infants Solid food –Can be introduced at 6 months

14 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.14 Lesson 11.2 Chapter 11

15 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.15 Key Concepts Human growth and development require both nutrition and psychosocial support. A variety of food patterns and habits supplies the energy and nutrient requirements of normal growth and development, although basic nutrition needs change with each growth period.

16 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.16 Needs in Childhood Toddlers (1 to 3 years) –Eat less food at times Preschoolers (3 to 5 years) –Grow in spurts –Group eating for socialization School-age children (5 to 12 years) –Slow, irregular growth –Breakfast is important

17 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.17 MyPyramid for Kids

18 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.18 Childhood Nutrition Problems Failure to thrive –Clinical disease –Neuromotor difficulties –Dietary practices –Unusual nutrient needs or losses –Psychological difficulties

19 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.19 Childhood Nutrition Problems, cont’d Anemia –More common in formula-fed infants –Milk anemia Obesity –On the rise for children and adolescents –Factors: high-fat foods, overeating, low physical activity Lead poisoning

20 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.20 Needs in Adolescence Physical growth –Rapid growth during onset of puberty –Boys and girls differ in fat, muscle gain –Risk of obesity continues Eating patterns –Influenced by rapid growth, peer pressure –Alcohol abuse –Pressure to be thin

21 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.21 Needs in Adolescence, cont’d Eating disorders a problem for girls and boys –Pressures to control figure –Result in “crash” diets –Self-starvation Anorexia nervosa, bulimia Youngsters see themselves as “fat” Early detection and intervention critical

22 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.22 Summary Growth and development of healthy children depend on optimal nutrition support. Optimal nutrition depends on social, psychological, cultural, and environmental influences. Nutrition needs change with each unique growth period. Infants experience rapid growth. –Human milk is encourage as first food, with solid foods delayed until approximately 6 months of age

23 Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.23 Summary, cont’d Toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children experience slow and irregular growth –Energy demands are less –Still require a balanced meal plan –Social and cultural factors play a role Adolescents –Large growth spurt before adulthood –Increased calorie and nutrient demands –Social pressures


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