1. Ch.12: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Pregnancy & Infancy
Identify the most significant indicator of an infant’s future health status
Identify the increased nutrient needs during pregnancy
Describe appropriate food choices from the Food Guide Pyramid for pregnant women
Identify weight gain recommendations for pregnancy—underweight, normal weight, and obese

2. Chapter 12: contd.
Describe strategies to alleviate morning sickness, heartburn, and constipation during pregnancy
Identify life style practices to avoid during pregnancy
List the benefits of breast feeding
Identify contraindications to breast feeding

3. Chapter 12: contd.
Identify nutrients that need to be emphasized during lactation
List the main advantage of formula feedings
Identify nutrient needs of the infant
Identify what vitamin-mineral supplements may be needed for the infant

4. Chapter 12: contd. Determine indicators for introducing solid foods
Identify the single most important nutritional measure to undertake during the 1st year of a child’s life
Define nursing bottle tooth decay (bottle mouth syndrome) and how to prevent it

5. Preparing for Pregnancy
There is a strong correlation between pre-pregnancy weight and infant birth weight.
Infant Birth Weight is the Most Potent Single Indicator of the Infant’ s Future Health Status
Low birth weight is 5½ pounds or less

6. Preparing for Pregnancy, Cntd.
Low birth weight babies have a greater chance of dying early in life
Pre-pregnancy nutrition determines whether a mother will be able to grow a healthy placenta
Placenta: provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus

7. Nutrition during Pregnancy
Energy—one of the smallest increases—only 300 kcalories per day in 2nd and 3rd trimesters
Protein: extra 10 grams
Carbohydrate: generous amounts for protein sparing
Vitamins: Folate and B12 increased for new cell and red blood cell production

8. Nutrition, Cntd.
Minerals: Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in demand for bone development and growth
Fluoride: Fluoridate water or supplements recommended for teeth development
Iron: Increase needed to develop stores in the fetus

9. Food Group Choices
Choose foods of high nutrient density since energy needs only increase slightly
Milk group: nonfat or skimmed milk products
Meat Group: lean meats, eggs and liver
Vegetables: dark greens, deep yellows

10. Food Groups, cntd. Fruits: Vitamin C rich sources
Breads and Cereals: Whole grain and high fiber

11. Recommended Weight Gain
Underweight: pounds
Normal weight: pounds
Overweight: pounds (never try to diet during pregnancy)
Ideal weight gain is 3½ pounds during 1st trimester and then 1 pound per wk.
WEIGHT GAIN IS NOT ALL BABY

12. Problems during Pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes: can result in complications—HBW baby
Nausea and Heartburn: recommendations in text on page 308
Constipation: High fiber diet, physical activity and fluids and natural laxatives, e.g. prune juice

13. Practices to Avoid Cigarette Smoking: small babies
Caffeine: should be limited
Dieting: dieting that results in ketosis may impair fetus brain development
Alcohol: NEVER! Risk of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Drugs: only on physician’s recommendation

14. Breastfeeding Mother’s nutritional needs:
Extra energy required to produce milk
(500 extra kcalories per day)
Water is also necessary to prevent dehydration
Contraindications to Breastfeeding
Use of alcohol; excessive caffeine use; smoking; HIV/AIDS; drug use and oral contraceptives

15. Infant Nutrition Nutrient Needs: Breast Milk:
Birth weight should double in 4-6 months and triple in one year
Infants require highest amount of nutrients per unit of body weight than any other age
Vitamin K is given at birth for blood clotting
Breast Milk:
Provides all nutrient needs for first 4-6 months
Exception is Vitamin D

16. Infant Nutrition, Cntd. Infant Formulas
If breastfeeding, infant requires Vitamin D, and Fluoride
Immunological protection provided by colostrum to protect against infections
Breastfed babies also have fewer allergies
Infant Formulas
Can provide adequate nutrition
Families members can share in the feeding

17. Infant Nutrition, cntd.
Cow’s milk not recommended during the first year—immature digestive system
No fat-reduced milk or formula during first two years—fat is necessary for normal brain development
Nursing bottle (mouth) syndrome: propping a bottle for infant in bed can cause tooth decay, aspiration, and ear infections

18. Infant Nutrition, Cntd. First Solid Foods
Indicators of readiness for solid foods include:
Infant can sit up and control head movements
Infant is 4-6 months old
Infant has doubled his/her birth weight
Should be eating foods from all food groups at the end of the 1st year (a variety of foods!!)

19. Infant Nutrition
The single most important measure to undertake during the first year is to encourage eating habits that will support continued normal weight as the child grows.
Encourage breast feeding—up to one year if possible
Use table foods, not canned baby foods