1. CHAPTER 14
A NEW SPIRIT OF CHANGE

2. SECTION 1 - THE HOPES OF IMMIGRANTS
Define
emigrant - people who leave country
immigrant - people who enter a country
steerage - cheapest deck on a ship - filthy and illness or death

3. Briefly explain each Push Factor
Population growth -better food and sanitation caused overcrowding in Europe
agricultural changes
make more money selling to cities
forced tenants off land to use to plots to make money
crop failures
poor harvests - unable to pay debts
hunger caused people to emigrate

4. Industrial Revolution
goods became cheaper than those produced by artisans
some took factory jobs - others emigrated
Religious and political turmoil
Quakers and Jews left to avoid religious persecution
Germans came after a failed revolution in Germany

5. PULL FACTORS
Freedom - everyone has the freedom to practice the teaching and religion he prefers
Economic opportunity
looking for a land where they could support their families and have a better future
immigration varied depending on U.S. economy
Abundant land
Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession - lots of land
land-starved Europeans saw as a land of opportunity

6. SCANDINANVIANS Where did they settle?
regions like Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin
Why did they settle there
lakes, forests, and cold winters like their homeland
became farmers

7. GERMANS Where did they settle? Midwest - Wisconsin, Texas and cities
Why did they settle there?
Wisconsin - could grow oats and Catholic bishop

8. Texas - brought land from German nobles and founded Fredericksburg
Cities - businesses as bakers, butchers, carpenters, printers, shoemakers and tailors
John Jacob Bausch and Henry Lomb - world's largest lens maker
Jews - salespeople who brought pins, needles, pots and news to frontier homes and mining camps

9. Irish Where did they settle? City dwellers Why did they settle there?
few skills and had to take low-paying, back-breaking jobs
women took in washing
men built canals and railroads
Why did they come?
Irish Catholics could not vote, hold office, own land or go to school
famine - no potatoes - no food - forced to emigrate

10. OVERCROWDING OF CITIES
New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati's population grew greatly in small number of years
Problems
not enough housing
landlords squeezed large apartment buildings in small lots
cramped living quarters lacked sunshine and fresh air
outdoor toilets overflowed causing disease
crime flourished

11. City Problems
New York no public police force
only a volunteer fire department
138 miles of sewers for 500 mils of streets
Immigrant groups set up societies to help newcomers and politicians offered help in exchange for votes

12. OPPOSITION TO IMMIGRATION
Prejudice
a negative opinion that is not based on facts
native-born Americans feared that immigrants were to foreign to learn American ways.
some feared that immigrants might come to outnumber natives
Some Protestants feared that Catholics threatened democracy

13. Nativists
native-born Americans who wanted to eliminate foreign influence
refused to hire immigrants
promised to not vote for any Catholics or immigrants running for political office

14. Know-Nothing Party
started by nativists
wanted to an Catholics and the foreign-born from holding office
called for a cut in immigration and 21-year wait to become an American citizen
disappeared when north and south branches couldn't agree on slavery

15. What were the push-pull factors that led to immigration?
• How did the arrival of so many immigrants affect U.S. cities?
• What was the Know-Nothing Party, and what was its point of view about immigration?

16. SECTION 2 AMERICAN LITERATURE AND ART

17. AMERICAN WRITERS Romanticism –
stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion.
Drew from nature
James Fennimore Cooper – The Last of the Mohicans
Frances Parkman – The Oregon Trail

18. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow –
Noah Webster
Published American Dictionary of the English Language
Gave American, not British, spellings and included American Slang
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow –
Wrote many poems that retold stories from history
Paul Revere’s Ride

19. AMERICAN ARTISTS Hudson River School
Artists painted peaceful landscapes of mountains, forests and rivers
Paintings that conveyed the majesty of the American Landscape
John James Audubon – sketched birds and animals of his adopted country
African Americans
Made beautiful baskets, quilts, and pottery
David Drake signed pottery he created.

22. WRITERS AND WORK Ralph Waldo Emerson
Urged Americans to cast off European influence and develop their own beliefs
Learn about life from self-examination and from nature as well as books

23. Henry David Thoreau
Believed people should live by their own individual standards
Transcendentalism
Taught that the spiritual world is more important than the physical world
Taught people to find truth within themselves – through feeling and intuition
Civil disobedience
Urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust
Peacefully refuse to obey laws

24. Margaret Fuller – in magazine and book she argued for women’s rights
Walt Whitman
Published Leaves of Grass
He and Dickinson shaped modern poetry by experimenting with language
Emily Dickinson
Wrote poems on pieces of paper that she sewed into booklets
Subjects of God, nature, love and death
Most poems published after her death.

25. Edgar Allan Poe – terrifying tales that influence today’s horror story writers – first detective story
Nathaniel Hawthorne – depicted love, guilt and revenge during Puritan times in The Scarlet Letter.
Herman Melville – wrote Moby Dick about a man’s destructive desire to kill a white whale

26. SECTION QUESTION What was romanticism and how did Americans adapt it?
• What is civil disobedience and what did Thoreau do that is an example of it?
• How did the writers of the mid-1800s shape modern literature?

27. SECTION 3 REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY

28. REVIVALS Second Great Awakening
Revival – a meeting to reawaken religious faith
Circuit riders – preacher who rode from town to town holding meetings in a tent
Preachers said that anyone could choose salvation and this appealed to equality-loving Americans
Charles Finney preached that “all sin consists in selfishness” and that religious faith led people to help others. – helped to awaken spirit of reform

29. Temperance a campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol
Workers spent most of their wages on alcohol – leaving families without enough money to live on
Many women joined temperance movement
Business owners joined because they needed workers who could keep schedules and run machines
Alcohol made it hard for workers to do either

30. WORKERS RIGHTS Improvements in working conditions
Factory work was noisy, boring and unsafe
Labor union – a group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions.
Strike – stop working to demand better conditions
Workers called for shorter hours and higher wages

31. IMPROVING EDUCATION Horace Mann
Public education “the great equalizer”
“education creates or develops new treasures—treasures never before possessed or dreamed of by any one”
Led to opening of public elementary and high schools
Led to opening of hundreds of private colleges.

32. Women not allowed into colleges
Elizabeth Blackwell first women to obtain Medical Degree in U.S.
African Americans faced obstacles
South illegal to teach an enslaved person to read
North most public schools barred African-American children
Colleges would only take 1 or 2 at a time.

33. CARING FOR THE NEEDY Dorethea Dix
A reformer who discovered women who were locked in cold, filthy cells because they were mentally ill
Found mentally ill received no treatment and were usually chained and beaten
Through her efforts 32 new hospitals were built for mentally ill

34. Samuel G. Howe – opened Perkins School for the Blind in Boston Prisons
Thomas H. Gallaudet – opened the first American school for deaf children
Samuel G. Howe – opened Perkins School for the Blind in Boston
Prisons
Debtors, lifelong criminals and child offenders were put in the same cells
Reformers demanded that children go to special schools
Called for rehabilitation of adult prisoners

35. PUBLICATIONS Penny Papers Ladies Magazines
Cheaper newsprint and invention of the steam-driven press lowered the price of a newspaper to a penny
Carried serious news but also gripping stories of fires and crime
Ladies Magazines
Sarah Hale – used writing to support her family
Magazine advocated education for women
Suggested that men and women were responsible for different, but equally important, areas of life

36. IDEAL COMMUNITIES Utopia – an ideal society
New Harmony, Indiana & Brook Farm Massachusetts
Residents received food and other necessities in exchange for work
Experienced conflicts and financial difficulties
Ended only after a few years

37. Shaker
Called this because they shook with emotion during church services
Vowed not marry or have children
Shared goods with each other and believed that men and women were equal
Refused to fight for any reason
Farmed and built simple furniture
Depended on converts and adopting children to keep their communities going

38. SECTION QUESTIONS
How did the Second Great Awakening influence the reform movement?
• How did labor unions try to force business owners to improve working conditions?
• What were women’s contributions to the reform movement?

39. SECTION 4 ABOLITION AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS

40. ABOLITIONISTS People who led the movement to end slavery David Walker
Wrote a pamphlet urging slaves to revolt
Heard life was in danger – died mysteriously
William Lloyd Garrison
Published abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator
Boston mob tried to hang but mayor stopped

41. Grimke Sisters
Believed that slavery was morally wrong
Joined Quakers and American Anti-Slavery Society
Spoke out for abolition even though they were criticized for it.

42. Frederick Douglass
Career as a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
Published a autobiography to prove his life as a slave
On return from a two year speaking tour he brought his freedom and began publishing an antislavery newspaper

43. Sojourner Truth
Started life as slave but went to live with Quakers who set her free
Helped her win court battle to win young son from slavery
Went out to declare truth to the people and drew huge crowds in the North

44. Harriet Tubman
One of the most famous conductors of the underground railroad
She escaped and make 19 dangerous trips on the underground railroad
Carried a pistol to frighten slave hunters and medicine to quiet crying babies

45. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
An aboveground series of escape routes from the South to the North
Was not underground or an actual railroad
Traveled on foot, wagons, boats and trains.
Usually traveled by night and hid by day in places called stations
Stables, attics and cellars all served as stations.

46. WOMEN REFORMERS World Anti-slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton went to attend
Were not allowed to enter the convention because they were women – not allowed to speak in public
Had to sit behind heavy curtain and William Lloyd Garrisons joined them

47. Women’s rights in 1800 Few legal or political rights
Could not vote, sit on juries or hold public office
Laws treated women as children
Most states husband controlled any property wife inherited and any wages she might earn.

48. Seneca Falls Convention
Women’s right convention held by Stanton and Mott
Attracted men and women
Wrote a Declaration of Sentiments that declared all men and women were equal
All resolutions passed except for suffrage – right to vote

49. Other Calls
Sojourner Truth – gave speech that urged men to give women their rights
Maria Mitchell
Founded Association for the Advancement of women
An astronomer who discovered a comet
Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences – first woman
Susan B. Anthony
Skilled organizer who worked in the temperance and antislavery movements
Built women’s movement into a national organization

50. SECTION QUESTIONS
Why were freedom of speech and freedom of the press important to the abolitionist movement?
• What were Frederick Douglass’s contributions to the abolitionist movement?
• What were Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s contributions to the women’s rights movement?