1. Organic Chemistry Essentials
Chemistry of carbon compounds
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. This allows it to make millions of different compounds.
Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds.

2. Hydrocarbon
compound containing only hydrogen and carbon
Ex. CH C2H6

3. Hydrocarbon derivative
compound with some hydrogen atoms replaced by other elements (O, N, F, Cl, Br, I)
ex. CH3Br

4. Straight chained hydrocarbon
Ex. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
or C6H14

5. Branched hydrocarbon
CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
or C6H14

6. Saturated hydrocarbon
no double or triple bonds

7. Unsaturated hydrocarbon
contains double and/or triple bonds
not “saturated” with hydrogen

8. Structural formulas
Condensed Structural formulas
CH3-CH3

9. Alkanes hydrocarbons with only single bonds General formula: CnH2n+2
names end in -ane
boiling pt. increases with # of carbons

10. IUPAC Names Methane 1 CH4 Ethane 2 CH3CH3 Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Name # carbons Structural Formula
Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 CH3CH3
Propane 3 CH3CH2CH3
Butane 4 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane 5 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

11. Name # carbons Structural Formula
Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane CH3 CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane 10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

12. Alkenes contain at least one double bond name ends in -ene
general formula: CnH2n

13. Alkynes contain at least one triple bond name ends in -yne
general formula: CnH2n-2

14. Nomenclature naming system
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

15. Rules for naming alkanes
1. Name the longest carbon chain in the structure. If the chain is cyclic, include the prefix cyclo.
2. Name, in alphabetical order, the kinds of groups which are attached to the chain you named in step 1. Use the appropriate prefix, such as di-, tri-, tetra-, etc., to indicate how many of each group are present.

16. 3. Number the carbon atoms in the longest chain consecutively from the end of the chain which allows the attached groups to have the lowest numbers possible. Assign to each group you named in step 2 the number(s) indicating its position(s) on the main chain.

17. Rules for naming alkenes and alkynes
Name the longest carbon chain containing the carbon-carbon double or triple bond. The name of the longest chain ends in –ene for an alkene; in –yne for an alkyne. The position of the double or triple bond in the carbon chain is indicated by a number before the name of the chain.
Name the groups attached as in alkanes.

18. 3. When assigning numbers to atoms in the chain, start numbering from the end of the chain closest to the double or triple bond.

19. Naming branched chain alkanes
substituent- atom or group of atoms that takes the place of hydrogen on a hydrocarbon molecule
ex. C, O, N, S, P, Cl, F, I, Br

20. Alkyl Group hydrocarbon substituent alkane with one H removed
drop the -ane ending and add -yl H
H C CH3 methyl
H H
H C C CH3CH2 ethyl

21. Name the following:
3,3-diethylhexane

22. 4-ethyl-4,6-dimethyl-5-propylnonane

23. 6-ethyl-4,5-dipropylnonane

24. Draw the following:
2,2,4-trimethylpentane

25. Draw the following:
3-ethyl-2-hexene

26. Draw the following:
4-bromo-2,2-dichloro-3,5-diethyl-6-fluorooctane

27. Properties of Hydrocarbons
nonpolar
not attracted to water

28. Structural Isomers
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures.
physical and chemical properties differ
Butane methylpropane or
isobutane
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH CH3
CH3-CH-CH3

29. Geometric Isomers
Each of the carbons of the double bond must have at least one substituent.
Ex. CH3CH=CHCH3 has 2 geometric isomers because the double bond is not free to rotate. Bond angle (sp2) is 120o.

30. cis-2-butene trans-2-butene

31. Stereoisomers
Stereoisomerism is the arrangement of atoms in molecules whose connectivity remains the same but their arrangement in space is different in each isomer.
The two main types of stereoisomerism are:
cis-trans isomerism
optical isomerism

32. Optical isomerism is a form of isomerism where the two different isomers are the same in every way except being non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Optical isomers are known as chiral molecules.
A compound is chiral when it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. The pair of mirror imaged non-superimposable compounds are known as enantiomers. Even though very similar still, different enantiomers of the same chiral drug can have very different pharmological effects, mainly because the proteins they bind to are also chiral.
4 different groups attached to the carbon
The two enantiomers of bromochlorofluoromethane

33. Cyclic hydrocarbons compounds that contain a hydrocarbon ring
general formula is: CnH2n
Cyclopropane Cyclobutane

34. Aliphatic compounds
hydrocarbon compounds which do not contain rings

35. Arenes unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons Benzene, C6H6, is an arene.
Benzene is a flat molecule with resonance.

36. Shorthand ways to draw benzene:

37. Aromatic compound any substance in which the bonding is like benzene
A benzene ring used as a substituent on a hydrocarbon chain is called a phenyl group.
Ex.
methylbenzene
(toluene)

38. Nomenclature:

39. Natural gas- 80% methane, 10% ethane,
4% propane, 2 % butane
Petroleum = complex mixture of hydrocarbons
Cracking= a controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules

40. Functional Group Chemically reactive part of an organic molecule
Learn these functional groups
R means the rest of the molecule (usually hydrocarbon

41. The Common Functional Groups
Class General Formula
Halohydrocarbons RX
Alcohols ROH
Ethers ROR
Aldehydes

42. The Common Functional Groups
Class General Formula
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Amines RNH2

43. Halocarbons Organic compounds containing F,Cl, Br, or I
Halogen groups are named as substituents just as alkyl groups are.
Cl I I
Cl-C-Cl CH3-CH-CH-CH3 H
Cl-CH2-CH3CH3
bromobenzene
2,3-diiodobutane
Trichloromethane (chloroform)
chloromethane
1-chloropropane

44. Alcohols Organic compounds with a hydroxyl group (-OH)
Naming: drop “e”, add “-ol”
Methanol
Methyl alcohol
“wood alcohol”
Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol
“drinking alcohol”

45. propanol
propyl alcohol
n-propanol
1-propanol
2-propanol
isopropanol
isopropyl alcohol
“rubbing alcohol”

46. Alcohols can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary.

47. antifreeze

48. Glycerine
1,2,3-propantriol

49. Phenol

50. Properties of Alcohols
Hydrogen bonding
Short-chained alcohols are soluble in water
Fermentation- production of ethanol from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria
C6H12O6  2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
Denatured Alcohol- ethanol with an added substance to make it toxic

51. Ethers Compounds in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups R-O-R’
Name the R groups in alphabetical order and add the word ether.
dimethyl ether
ethyl methyl ether
ethyl phenyl ether

52. diethyl ether
1st reliable general anesthetic, 1842

53. Aldehydes
Organic compounds in which the carbon of the carbonyl group ( C=O ) is always joined to at least one H.
Naming: drop “e”, add “-al”, carbonyl carbon is #1

54. methanal
(formaldehyde)

55. ethanal
CH H
CH3CH2CHCH2C=O
3-methylpentanal

56. Ketones
Organic compounds in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to 2 other carbons. The carbonyl group is in the middle of the chain instead of the end of a chain as in an aldehyde.
Naming: drop “e”, and “one”. If carbonyl can be in more than one position, give it a #
3-hexanone
Propanone
(acetone)

57. Naming: drop “e”, add “oic acid”
The carboxyl carbon is always #1.

58. butanoic acid
methanoic acid
“formic acid”
propanoic Acid
“propionic acid”

59. Esters Derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the
–OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an –OR from an alcohol
Formed by combination of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in a dehydration reaction
Often common flavors and odors
Naming: Name alkyl group, then acid with –ate ending

60. ethyl ethanoate or ethyl acetate
(apple scent)
methyl ethanoate
or methyl acetate
methyl methanoate
or methyl formate

61. Amines -NH2 the suffix amine is added to the alkyl substituent
can also be named as an amino group
3-aminopropanoic acid
ethylamine
cyclohexylamine

62. POLYMERS
made of repeating units called monomers