1. Organic Chemistry
a branch of chemistry concerned with the study of carbon and its compounds.

2. Hydrocarbons
the simplest class of organic compounds containing carbon & hydrogen only
hydrocarbons
aromatic
aliphatic
alkanes
cycloalkanes
alkenes
alkynes

3. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon with no aromatic ring
Example:

4. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
a hydrocarbon containing one or more rings with delocalized  electron systems
(example is benzene, C6H6)

5. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons general formula is CnH2n+2
ex: CH4 (methane)
single covalent bonds (C-C) between carbon to carbon molecules are present
uses the –ane ending in its name

6. Alkanes The first 10 alkanes are named as follows:
CH4 methane C6H14 hexane
C2H6 ethane C7H16 heptane
C3H8 propane C8H18 octane
C4H10 butane C9H20 nonane
C5H12 pentane C10H22 decane

7. Cycloalkanes alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings
 general formula is CnH2n
ex: C6H12 (cyclohexane)
uses the prefix cyclo and –ane ending in its name

8. Alkenes (Olefins) unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain C=C
general formula is CnH2n (same as cyloalkane)
ex:C2H4 (ethene)
uses the –ene ending in its name

9. Alkynes (Paraffins) unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain CC
general formula is CnH2n-2
ex: C2H2 (ethyne)
uses the –yne ending in its name

10. Important Notes
an alkane less one hydrogen atom is called an alkyl group (example is when a hydrogen atom is removed from methane, it is called methyl, -CH3)

11. Naming Alkanes
Step 1:
Determine the parent name by finding the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule. The parent name is the name of the alkane corresponding to the longest continuous carbon chain. The longest chain may not be always written horizontally.

12. Naming Alkanes C H 3 1 2 4 5 6
hexane
3 – methylhexane

13. Naming Alkanes
If the molecule contains two chains of equal length, choose the one with the greater number of substituents as the parent chain.

14. Naming Alkanes
 Step 2
name each substituent and precede this name with the number of carbon atom on the parent chain to which it is bonded.

15. Naming Alkanes Parent: butane Substituent: methyl Location: C2- methyl
Parent: butane
Substituent: methyl
Location: C2- methyl
Name: 2 – methylbutane

16. Naming Alkanes
Two or more identical substituents present in a molecule are indicated by the use of the prefixes di for 2, tri for 3 tetra for 4, etc. Each of the identical substituents must have a number

17. Naming Alkanes Parent: butane Substituent: methyl
Location: C2 and C3- methyl
Name: 2,3 –dimethylbutane

18. Naming Alkanes
When two or more substituents are present, their names are listed in alphabetical order

19. Naming Alkanes Parent: heptane Substituent: methyl and ethyl
Parent: heptane
Substituent: methyl and ethyl
Location: C2- methyl and C3- ethyl
Name: 3 – ethyl – 2 – methylheptane
Note: the name of the compound is written in single word.

20. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes
Step 1:
Choose the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the double/triple bond as the parent chain.
Step 2:
Number the chain to give the lowest number to the first carbon of the double/triple bond.

21. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes
Step 3:
Substitute the ending -ene for ending –ane in the name of the corresponding alkane to obtain the parent alkene name and substitute –yne to obtain the parent alkyne. The position of the double/triple bond is indicated by a number.
Step 4:
Write the complete name of the compound with the correct number of all substituents, which are listed in alphabetical order.

22. Examples Parent: octene Location: C3
Substituent: methyl, ethyl & bromo
Location: C3,C6- methyl; C4 bromo; C6-ethyl
Name:4-Bromo–6-ethyl-3,6-dimethyl-3-octene

23. Examples Parent: butyne Location: C1 Substituent: methyl Location: C3
Name: 3 – methyl – 1- butyne
or 3- methylbutyne

24. Aromatics: Benzene
Monosubstituted benzenes are named by combining the substituent name w/ the word benzene.
Name: 1 - ethylbenzene

25. For disubstituted benzenes the 3 possible isomers are named using the prefixes ortho (o), meta (m) & para (p) to designate the 1,2 – 1,3 & 1,4 –relationships of sustituents on the benzene ring:
Name: 1,3-Dibromobenzene
or meta-Dibromobenzene

26. Exercises: Draw the structure of the following hydrocarbons:
2,2-dimethylpentane
4-ethyl-2,3-dimethyloctane
3-ethyl-3-methyl-1-pentene
1,3- dibromobenzene

27. Exercises:
Give the name of the following Hydrocarbons: 1. 2.

29. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
these are compounds that are formed when one, two or three hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon molecules are replaced by atoms or group of atoms that are responsible for the properties of that compound. This group of atoms is called the functional group.

30. ALCOHOLS Contains the –OH group (hydroxyl) ex: CH3-OH methanol
CH3CH2-OH ethanol
phenol

31. Some Typical Alcohols “rubbing alcohol” CH3CHCH3
2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol)
antifreeze HO-CH2-CH2-OH
1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol)
glycerol HO-CH2-CH-CH2OH
Anti-freeze

32. Ethers Contain an -O- between two carbon groups
CH3-O-CH3 dimethyl ether
CH3-O-CH2CH3 ethyl methyl ether

33. Aldehydes and Ketones O carbonyl group
In an aldehyde, an H atom is attached to a carbonyl group
O carbonyl group 
CH3-C-H
In a ketone, two carbon groups are attached to a carbonyl group
CH3-C-CH3

34. Aldehydes as Flavorings

35. Ketones
O O
 
Butter flavor CH3-C-C-CH3 butanedione
propanone

36. Amines Organic compounds of nitrogen N
Classified as primary, secondary, tertiary
CH CH3
 
CH3—NH2 CH3—NH CH3—N — CH3
1° 2° °

37. Alkaloids Physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds
Obtained from plants
Used as anesthetics, antidepressants, and stimulants
Many are addictive

38. Some Common Amines

39. Some Common Amines

40. Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group on carbon 1. O 
CH3 — C—OH CH3—COOH
carboxyl group

41. Some Carboxylic Acids & their Names
Citric acid
Aspirin

42. Amides
Derivatives of carboxylic acids where an amino (-NH2) group replaces the –OH group.
O O
 
CH3 — C—OH CH3 — C—NH2
carboxylic acid amide
acetic acid acetamide

43. Some Amides & their Names
CH3C–NHCH N-methylethanamide (IUPAC)
N-methylacetamide (common)

44. Esters
In an ester, the H in the carboxyl group is replaced with an alkyl group O 
CH3 — C—O —CH CH3—COO —CH3
ester group

45. Esters in Plants
Esters give flowers and fruits their pleasant fragrances and flavors.

46. Some Esters and Their Names
Flavor/Odor
Raspberries
HCOOCH2CH3 ethyl methanoate (IUPAC)
ethyl formate (common)
Pineapples
CH3CH2CH2 COOCH2CH3
ethyl butanoate (IUPAC)
ethyl butyrate (common)

47. Exercises:
Identify the functional groups present in the following compounds:
(2)
(4)
(1)
(3)

48. (7)
(5)
(8)
(6)