1. Federalists vs. Republicans

2. Federalists Federalists Advocates for a strong, central government
Increased stature in the world
George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams

3. George Washington’s Presidency
Inaugurated April 30, 1789 in New York
Served two terms as President.
Read his biography here:

4. Hamilton and the Federalists
Although Washington was a Federalist, he tended to avoid involvement in political affairs.
*Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan*
Government assumption of state debts, which would establish credit
Formation of a National Bank – provide loans, support currency, allow for deposits
Taxes
Whiskey Tax
Import Tariff

5. Enacting the Federalist Program
There is a fear that smaller states, with little debt, would face increased taxes.
Hamilton/Jefferson deal
Virginia agrees to finance financial plan if a new capital city is built outside the Potomac River.
New capital city becomes the basis for Washington D.C.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan is passed.

6. Republican Opposition
Federalist vs. Republican – conflicting views of national government
Republicans
Agrarian society, some manufacturing
Decentralized government
Mostly rural, South, West
Role in French Revolution?

7. Securing the Frontier
Articles of Confederation failed to connect Western lands to the government.
Revolts in Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee
1794 – Whiskey Rebellion
Western Pennsylvania
Threaten Tax Collection
Washington personally led a militia to end the rebellion.

8. Natives and the New Nation
Northwest and Southwest – Natives continue to challenge colonists
Ordinances of led to further conflicts between natives and colonists
New Constitution fails to address concerns with Native Americans

9. Neutrality 1791 – Great Britain sends a minister to the United States
1793 – France vs. Great Britain – U.S. remains neutral
“Genet Affair” – French minister, violated U.S. neutrality
1794 – Great Britain seizes American ships trading with the French in the West Indies

10. Jay’s Treaty
Hamilton convinced Washington to send special commission to Great Britain.
John Jay – instructed to receive compensation, demand withdrawal, and work on forming a treaty.
Jay’s Treaty
Settled conflict
U.S. gains further control of Northwest
Commercial relationship between Great Britain and the United States
Public opinion is against the particulars of the treaty

11. Pinckney’s Treaty Spain grew concerned with conflict.
1795
Granted U.S. navigation of the Mississippi to New Orleans
Fixed the Florida boundary
Spanish must prevent Native raids

12. Downfall of the Federalists
After Adams wins the 1796 election, the Federalist Party never wins another election.
Election of 1796
End of Washington’s two terms, he decides against running for a third term, thus setting a precedent that will remain until the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt.
Washington Farewell Address -
Adams (Federalist) vs. Jefferson (Republican)
Adams wins

13. Election of 1796
Major issues focused on support of Jay’s Treaty and a potential role in the French Revolution. Adams and the Federalists supported the Treaty, thus favoring the British. Jefferson and the Republicans were against the treaty, thus favoring the French.
The majority of the campaigning took place in the newspapers, broad sides and other methods of the day. The supporters of these men actually campaigned for their favorites. Adams had won the election by only 3 votes and Thomas Jefferson, who finished second, automatically became vice-president.
The election of 1796 had exposed an inherent flaw in the Electoral College System. The Electors voted on one ballot with two names on it. The candidate, who had the most votes, won the election. The candidate who had the second most votes became the vice president.
This would not be changed until the passage of the 12th amendment in 1804.

14. John Adams Read his bio here:

15. Quasi-War with France French capture American ships
Adams appoints Charles Pickney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to negotiate with the French
French demand money before negotiations begin
“XYZ” Affair  Adams persuades Congress to cut off trade with the French, capture armed French troops.
1798 – U.S. Navy Created  Align with the British
Treaty in 1800

16. Repression and Protest
Signed into law by President John Adams in 1798, the Alien and Sedition Acts consisted of four laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress as America prepared for war with France. These acts increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years, authorized the president to imprison or deport aliens considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" and restricted speech critical of the government. These laws were designed to silence and weaken the Democratic-Republican Party. Negative reaction to the Alien and Sedition Acts helped contribute to the Democratic-Republican victory in the 1800 elections. Congress repealed the Naturalization Act in 1802, while the other acts were allowed to expire.

17. Alien and Sedition Acts
Read both documents at the following website.

18. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
December 24, 1798 – Virginia Resolution
December 3, 1799 – Kentucky Resolution
Governments are only allowed certain delegated powers.
States had the right to “nullify”.
Read both here:

19. “Revolution” of 1800 Adams vs. Jefferson
Jefferson ties with Aaron Burr
Congress must decide winner
Jefferson wins on the 36th ballot
Adams – “Midnight” appointments
Judiciary Act of 1801 – increased the number of federal judges
Adams appoints Federalist judges to carry on the Federalist view of national government.

20. Republicans Republicans Modest central government Rural landowners
Thomas Jefferson

21. Multiple Choice
Alexander Hamilton’s economic program was designed primarily to:
A) prepare the United States for war in the event Britain failed to vacate its post in the Northwest
B) provide a platform for the fledgling Federalist Party’s 1792 campaign
C) establish the financial stability and credit of the new government
D) ensure northern dominance over the southern states in order to abolish slavery
E) win broad political support for his own candidacy for the presidency in 1792

22. Multiple Choice
The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest were similar in that all involved a defense of
A) freedom of the seas
B) freedom of speech
C) the institution of slavery
D) states’ rights
E) presidential power in foreign affairs