1. Absolutism

2. The Hapsburg Empire
1519, Charles V ruled two empires – Spain and Hapsburg
Years of war – religious and against the Ottomans
Stressful – Monastery in 1556
Hapsburg to Ferdinand (brother), other to son Philip (29)

3. Philip II and Divine Right
Rule for 42 years
Focused on government
Absolute Monarchy – ruler with complete authority over government
Divine Right – Authority to rule came directly from God
Spent lots of time defending Catholicism

4. The Wars
England
Queen Elizabeth encouraged Sea Dogs to rob Spanish ships
Sent Spanish Armada (fleet) to fight
Lost but remained world power
The Netherlands
Protestant Rebels
Fought against oppression and high taxes
Broke off to make Dutch Netherlands

5. Spain’s Golden Age Painter – El Greco Means “The Greek”
Studied Renaissance Art
Pictures of royalty in bright colors
Religious pictures for king

6. Economic Decline
Lack of strong leaders after Philip brought country down
Expensive wars around the world
Lost power, France took its place

7. France Under Louis XIV
Absolute Monarchy
Huguenot – French Protestants

8. Rebuilding France Henry IV Huguenot Prince became Catholic to rule
Edict of Nantes (1598) – Religious Tolerance
Built up royal bureaucracy

9. Richelieu Cardinal who was 9 year old Louis XIII’s advisor
Outlawed Huguenots, destroyed nobility
Picked successor to keep building royal power

10. Louis XIV, the Sun King “I am the State” Became king at 5
Sun became symbol of absolute power – Sun King
Deeply involved in government
Intendents – Royal officials who collected taxes
Intendents became loyal middle class
Strong French army to enforce policies

11. Colbert and the Economy
Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert
Set up policies to get money for France
King spent much of it on his court or wars

13. Court Ceremonies Days spent with small, elaborate ceremonies
Honor to buckle shoes or hold wash basin
Levee – Rising
Having nobles at court means they were not fighting each other or him

14. Cultural Flowering Sponsored many artists
Introduction of ballet at Louis’ court
Funded art schools

15. Wars of Louis XIV For 72 years, fought almost constantly
Balance of Power – distribution of military and economic power to prevent one country from total rule
Countries tried to keep France in check
Tried to unite France and Spain but France wouldn’t allow it

16. Persecution of the Huguenots
1685 Revoked the Edict of Nantes
Huguenots were work force, persecution hurt economy
100,000 fled France

17. The Tudors and Parliament
1485 to 1603 – Tudor Dynasty
Recognized value of relationship with Parliament
Parliament got used to being asked for important decisions

18. Early Stuarts: Royal Challenge
Ruling family from Scotland
King James I clashed with Parliament
Dissenters – Protestants who differed with the Church of England
New Group – Puritans wanted to “purify” the church

19. Parliament Responds 1625 Charles I takes the throne
Wanted to raise taxes but Parliament required Petition of Rights
Signed then dissolved Parliament, ignored for 11 years
Needed them, they revolted

20. The Long Parliament Revolted against the King
Tried and executed ministers
King Charles lead army to attack, they raised own army

21. English Civil War Civil War from 1642 to 1649
Cavaliers – Wealthy, noble supporters of Charles I
Roundheads – Lead by skilled general Oliver Cromwell
Took the King in 1647

22. Execution of a King Set up court for King
Tried for “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy”
Beheaded on his own signal

23. Challenges of Commonwealth
Set up new republic – Commonwealth
Supporters of Charles II (uncrowned King), attacked
Levellers – all men and women should have rights in parliament
Cromwell took title as Lord Protector

24. Puritan Society Imposed a “rule of Saints”
Law required Sunday to be religious
Every person should be able to read the Bible
Religious tolerance to all but Catholics
End to Commonwealth
Cromwell died in 1658, Puritans lost grip on England
Charles II came back from exile to rule

25. New clash with Parliament
King James II took throne in 1685
Flaunted his Catholic Religion
Parliament invited Mary and William to rule
Bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution

26. English Bill of Rights Had to pass English Bill of Rights first
Superiority of Parliament over monarch
Habeas Corpus – Can’t be held in prison without being charged
Limited Monarchy – Legislative body limits monarch’s power
Radical idea at the time

27. The Thirty Years’ War
Electors – Seven leading German princes of Empire
Religious and Political War
Protestant North vs. Catholic South
Revolt against King Ferdinand
Kings changed alliances to suit interests
Fighting all over continent

28. Brutal Conflict Mercenaries wandered Europe and killed
Murder, torture, famine, disease
Depopulation – reduction of population
Wolves roamed the streets
1/3 German population died

29. Peace 1648 – Peace of Westphalia
France won war, Hapsburg lost everything
Small countries got recognition (Switzerland)
Germany broke up in to 360 small states

30. Hapsburg Unity and Diversity
Hapsburgs kept title of Holy Roman Emperor
Wanted to add land
Grew but never centralized

31. Maria Theresa Daughter of Charles VI
Charles had princes swear to recognize her rule
Brilliant ruler
Son, Joseph II inherited crown

32. Rise of Prussia – Fredrick II
Son of Fredrick William – strong leader
Taught art of war, but preferred arts
Tried to run away, friend who helped was beheaded

33. Military Success Harsh training created harsh ruler
Became known as Fredrick the Great

34. Keeping the Balance of Power
Austria, Prussia, France, England, Russia
Many alliances changed often
Many other wars around the world

35. Peter the Great Became King at 10 Fascinated by the West
Pushed Russia to a world power

36. Journey to the West Went to Europe to learn everything
Pushed Russians to become Westernized
Westernization – adoption of Western ideas

37. Autocrat and Reformer
Brought all Russian institutions under his control – even church
Boyars – landowning nobles
Serfdom spread, tying peasants to land
Imported Western technology and education
Forced nobles to dress like Westerners and shave
Killed any who disobeyed

38. Expansion Under Peter Search for Warm-Water Port
Most ports were on Arctic Ocean
Wanted place where water would be free of ice
Tried to force through Ottoman Empire - lost
War with Sweden
1700 – Fought with Sweden, lost early
1709 – Defeated Swedes and won land on Baltic

39. Expansion Under Peter Peter’s City New land – built St. Petersburg
“Window on the West”
Swamp land turned in to large modern city
Toward the Pacific
Signed treaties with China for north lands
Vitus Bering found Bering Straight

40. Legacy of Peter the Great
Expanded territory, gains ports, huge army
Ended isolation
Used terror to rule

41. Catherine the Great Efficient Ruler
No heir from Peter, Romanov’s fought for power
Got power by mentally unstable husband being killed
Smart, efficient, reorganized government
Encouraged Western ideas

42. Catherine the Great A Ruthless Absolute Monarch
Cruel and repressive to peasants
Many peasants forced in to serfdom
Expanded land to get warm water port
Partition of Poland
Poland wasn’t centralized
Three rulers decided not to fight – partitioned
Partition – Divide up
Divided 3 times, disappeared completely until 1919

43. Looking Ahead 4 of 5 world powers were absolute monarchs
England had parliament
Radical changes would cause revolutions