1. Chapter 4 Section 4-5

2. The Thirty Years War Rival German princes held more power than the emperor. Religion divided the Protestant north and the Catholic south and created a power vacuum. Electors: Leading authority of the Holy Roman Emperor chosen by 7 German Princes.

4. The War Begins Two great empires, Austria and Prussia, rose out of the ashes of the Thirty Years’ War. France gained territory The Hapsburgs were forced to accept independence of all of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. Ferdinand-the Hapsburg king of Bohemia, was elected Holy Roman Emperor.

5. A Brutal Conflict Soldiers burned villages, destroyed crops, and kill without mercy. Mercenaries: A professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army. The war led to severe depopulation

7. Peace at Last 1648, combatants accepted a series of treaties, know as the Peace of Westphalia. The Netherlands and present-day Switzerland won independence The Peace of Westphalia ended the war with a general European peace. Germany was divided into more than 360 states.

8. Hapsburg Austria The Hapsburgs kept the title of Holy Roman emperors and expanded their lands.

9. Unity and Diversity Hapsburg monarchs worked to unite the empire, including people from many backgrounds and cultures. 1700, Empire included Germans, Magyars, slaves, and many others.

10. Maria Theresa Daughter of emperor Charles VI, was the future ruler for the land. Maria Theresa won popular support and strengthened Hapsburg power by reorganizing the bureaucracy and improving tax collection 1740, her biggest threat came when Fredrick II of Prussia seized the rich Hapsburg province of Silesia.

11. Maria Theresa

12. The Rise of Prussia 1600, the Hohenzollern family ruled scattered lands across north Germany. Hohenzollern kings set up an efficient central bureaucracy and reduced the independence of nobles. 1740, Prussia was strong enough to challenge its rival Austria

14. Frederick II Made sure his son was trained for the art of war. Frederick William I created one of the best armies in Europe.

15. Military Success Frederick II used the army to strengthen Prussia. Made his army useful after he became king.

16. Peter the Great Peter the Great was committed to a policy of westernization in Russia. forced the boyars, or landowning nobles, to serve the state. imported western technology and culture. imposed policies which caused the spread of serfdom. brought all Russian institutions under his control.

18. Expansion under Peter Peter created the largest standing army in Europe and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south. Peter signed a treaty with Qing China which recognized Russia’s right to lands north of Manchuria. Peter hired a navigator to explore what became known as the Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska.

19. Catherine the Great Catherine the great was the longest ruling female leader of Russia