1. Conservation Biology 22-24 September 2004 A History of Wildlife Conservation: What have we learned in 150 years?

2. History of Conservation Why North America? - Clear examples of our worst and our best - Milestones from 1850 to 2004 - Philosophies & politics of natural resources Foundations of Conservation Biology: - Biological Diversity: assessment & losses - Sustainable development of human populations

3. European Origins and the American Experience Medieval Europe & hunting preserves. Hunting & use of resources in the colonies. Rise of the common man & the concept of public ownership of natural resources. Six (?) Periods in our history of exploitation and conservation of natural resources in North America.

4. Time Periods in Conservation Prior to 1850: Wilderness and Abundance 1850-1900: Depletion of Natural Resources 1900-1932: Regulation and Preservation 1933-1961: Resource Management 1962-1980: Environmental Concern 1981- (?) : Global Environment and Sustainable Development

5. Prior to 1850: Wilderness and Abundance Few people with little impact Subsistence hunting vs. market hunting Values and ethics of natural resources use throughout our history Utilitarian values & views of nature Intrinsic value of the natural world Transcendentalism: H.D. Thoreau - Walden Pond - 1854 l i t t l e i m p a c t s u b s i s t e n c e h u n t i n g

6. 1850 ‑ 1900: Depletion of Resources Immigration from Europe: American population, 1840 = 17 million, 1850 = 23 mill., 1860 = 32 million Railroads and market hunting Deliberate destruction of bison (5 million in 1872) herds and Native Americans Early Restrictions and Organizations 1872 ‑ Yellowstone National Park 1885 ‑ Adirondack Forest Preserve 1892 - Sierra Club, Founded by John Muir

7. 1900 ‑ 1932: Period of Regulation & Preservation The Lacy Act - 1900 President Theodore Roosevelt (1858 ‑ 1919) Gifford Pinchot and the concept of "Conservation" 1900 ‑ American Society of Foresters Power of the Federal Government in conservation Restrictive regulations ‑ buck laws in Pennsylvania 1916 Migratory Bird Treaty with Canada The early career of Aldo Leopold

8. 1900 ‑ 1932: Period of Regulation & Preservation The Lacy Act - 1900 President Theodore Roosevelt (1858 ‑ 1919) Gifford Pinchot and the concept of "Conservation" 1900 ‑ Am. Society of Foresters Power of the Federal Government in conservation Restrictive regulations ‑ buck laws in Pennsylvania 1916 Migratory Bird Treaty with Canada The early career of Aldo Leopold

9. 1933 ‑ 1961 : Period of Resource Management Aldo Leopold 1933. Game Management Growing influence Federal Government & FDR 1935 ‑ North American Wildlife Conference First Cooperative Wildlife Research Units (OSU) 1937 ‑ Pittman ‑ Robertson Act The Wildlife Society Growth of scientific wildlife training and research Others?

10. 1962 ‑ 1980: Period of Environmental Concern & Legislative Response Rachel Carson. 1962. Silent Spring New technologies applied ‑ chemical restraint, telemetry, computerized models Toxicology, Bioaccumulation of DDT 1970 ‑ The first Earth Day 1973 ‑ Endangered Species Act & the EPA 1980 ‑ Presidential Election - Other important events?

11. 1981 ‑ Present: Global Concerns & Sustainable Development Soule and Wilcox 1980. Conservation Biology E.O. Wilson. 1992. Diversity of Life Concern for global conservation & extinction Earth Summit (Rio 1992) Biological diversity 1997 – Kyoto Protocol (greenhouse gases) Realism and revision of environmental laws Goal of sustainable development 1994 & 2000 Congressional & Presidential Elections

12. 1981 ‑ Present: Global Concerns & Sustainable Development Soule and Wilcox 1980. Conservation Biology E.O. Wilson. 1992. Diversity of Life Concern for global conservation & extinction Earth Summit (Rio 1992) Biological diversity 1997 – Kyoto Protocol (greenhouse gases) Realism and revision of environmental laws Goal of sustainable development 1994 & 2000 Congressional & Presidential Elections

13. What have we learned (1850-2004)? Natural resources are public property Personal leadership & public concern periodically drives governmental action Issues change but underlying forces and views of nature (utilitarian vs. intrinsic value) remain. Fundamental issue: Human population growth and resource consumption. What should we do in 2004 & the future?