1. CONTRACEPTION AND PLANNING FOR PREGNANCY
WOMEN'S HEALTH ISSUES
CONTRACEPTION AND PLANNING FOR PREGNANCY
Contraceptive methods for family planning, the health benefits and risk factors associated with birth control choices and pregnancy
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

2. CONTRACEPTIVE CHOICES
ABSTINENCE
FERTILITYAwarenes
CALENDAR
BASAL Body Temp.
SYMPTOTHERMAL
WITHDRAWAL
BARRIER METHOD
Spermicides
Condoms
Diaphragm
Cervical Cap
HORMONAL
Oral Contraceptives
Norplant
Depo- Provera
IUD
Emergency Contraception
STERILIZATION
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

3. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
ABSTINENCE
This is the only sure method of birth control to prevent an unintended pregnancy or unwanted STD’s
Abstinence from intercourse does not necessarily equate with being nonsexual
It is possible to attain a level of intimacy without risking pregnancy
Many young adults decide to delay sexual intercourse for a variety of reasons
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

4. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
FERTILITY AWARENESS
This method helps women understand their menstrual cycle better
It requires a high level of motivation and cooperation by both partners
These methods have a high user failure rates
Not recommended for couples who could not tolerate a pregnancy
Offer no protection against STD’s
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

5. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
CALENDAR METHOD
Also referred to as the rhythm method
This requires abstinence during ovulation
Should be supplemented with another option if pregnancy cannot be tolerated
This could be effective if a women knew the exact day of her ovulation
To be safest abstinence is necessary from day11to 21 of woman’s cycle
The egg can by fertilized anytime between the release by the ovary and its exit from the fallopian tube
There is a 30% failure rate
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

6. BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE METHOD
Designed to determine when a woman is ovulating
BBT drops slightly 1 to 2 days before ovulation
Then rises sharply by approximately ½-1 degrees during ovulation
Sexual activity should be stopped for 3 to 4 days after temperature elevates
Intercourse before ovulation carries a greater risk than post ovulation
Sperm can remain viable for up to 72 hours
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

7. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
Combination of BBT and cervical mucus monitoring
During ovulation mucus becomes watery
Sexual intercourse should be avoided until mucous thickens or dries
This is works better than the calendar method
It has a 20% failure rate
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

8. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
WITHDRAWAL
Also referred to as coitus interruptus
Leads to many unintended pregnancies
Pre ejaculate carries sperm that may be released into the vagina before withdrawal
This method requires an inordinate amount of self control by both partners
Has an extremely high failure rate
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

9. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
BARRIER METHODS
Barrier methods have become increasingly popular because of the protection they provide against HIV and other STD’s
High failure rates among young women
SPERMACIDES
CONDOMS
DIAPHRAGMS
CERVICLE CAPS
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

10. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
SPERMACIDES
Are a chemical method of contraceptive use
Come in a variety foams, creams, gels, and suppositories
Prevent contraception by killing sperm before they reach uterus
Serve as a lubricant
Can be used alone or with another barrier method
Highly effective when used with a condom
Contain nonoxynol-9 which is somewhat effective in preventing gonorrhea, HIV, Chlamydia, herpes simplex 2,
Need to be reapplied before every sexual act to insure effectiveness
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

11. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
MALE CONDOM
Increased use of latex types
Protect against HIV, herpes simplex 2, Chlamydia, and cytomegalovirus
Reduce transmission of gonorrhea, HBV2, trichomonas vaginalis
Is 86-90% effective when used alone and 98% effective when used with spermicide
Use can cause possible allergic reaction
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

12. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
FEMALE CONDOM
One size fits all barrier method
Consists of a pre-lubricated pouch 6” in length with two flexible rings
One ring is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix
The other ring partially covers the labia
Lab tests demonstrate that the HIV and other STD viruses cannot permeate the polyurethane pouch
Controlled by the woman
Failure rate 26% usually user failure
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

13. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
DIAPHRAGM
An oval dome shaped device with a flexible spring at the outer edge
Needs to be fitted by a clinician
A spermicide is applied into the dome and a small amount is spread around the rim
Should be left in place for 6-8 hrs after intercourse and then removed
Failure rate ranges from 3-16%
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

14. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
CERVICAL CAP
It is designed to fit tightly over the cervix
Should be filled with spermicide before intercourse
A clinician must fit the cap to fit each woman
Can remain in place up to 48 hrs. with no additional spermicide
The smaller size makes it more difficult to ensure coverage of cervix
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

15. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
HORMONAL METHODS
THEY INCLUDE:
Oral contraceptives
Norplant
Depo-Provera
They provide no protection against HIV and other STD’s
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

16. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
They are the second most popular form of birth control in the US
Most women the pill with both synthetic estrogen and a derivative of progesterone
A progestin only pill is available to women who cannot take estrogen
They provide protection against ovarian and endometrial cancer
Risks of ectopic pregnancy and PID are lowered
Reduced menstrual flow with shorter periods
Side effects include nausea, breast soreness, fluid retention, breast cancer, CVD, and liver cancer
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

17. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
NORPLANT
A progestin only implant (levonorgestrel)
Consists of flexible, matchstick-like capsules filled with LVG
Inserted under the skin of the upper arm
Dissipate after 5 years and need to be removed and replaced
Suppresses ovulation
Major side effects include irregular menstrual periods
Headaches, nausea, dizziness, acne, hair loss, increase in facial or body hair and breast tenderness
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY

18. CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
DEPO-PROVERA
Most widely used progestin injection
Injected into the gluteal or deltoid muscle every 3 months
Like Norplant is has a very low failure rate and also suppresses ovulation
Side effects include amenorrhea, weight gain, headache, nervousness, dizziness, stomach cramps and decreased sex drive
CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY