1. The End of WWI Neil Hammond

2. The End of WWI November, 1918, the war ended, but a treaty needed to be signed November, 1918, the war ended, but a treaty needed to be signed Wilson wanted an honorable peace and pushed his 14 points…a plan to fairly end the war and prevent another war from happening Wilson wanted an honorable peace and pushed his 14 points…a plan to fairly end the war and prevent another war from happening Very Progressive! League of Nations was the key…it would mediate disputes, supervise arms reduction and curb aggressive military nations through collective military action (article x) Very Progressive! League of Nations was the key…it would mediate disputes, supervise arms reduction and curb aggressive military nations through collective military action (article x)

3. The End of WWI

4. The Treaty of Versailles 27 countries sent representatives to Versailles 27 countries sent representatives to Versailles Soviet Union and Germany excluded Soviet Union and Germany excluded “Big Four” (Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy) did most negotiating “Big Four” (Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy) did most negotiating The European powers opposed much of Wilson’s program The European powers opposed much of Wilson’s program Japan and Italy lost out at key points Japan and Italy lost out at key points Some colonial powers were ignored (e.g. Ho Chi Minh of French Indochina) Some colonial powers were ignored (e.g. Ho Chi Minh of French Indochina)

5. The Treaty of Versailles

6. The New Map of Europe World War I and its aftermath dramatically altered the landscape of Europe and the Middle East. In central Europe, the collapse of the German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empires brought the reconstitution of Poland and the creation of a string of new states based on the principle of national (ethnic) self-determination. The demise of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the appearance of the quasi-independent territories of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine, whose affairs were supervised by one of the Allied Powers under a mandate of the League of Nations. World War I and its aftermath dramatically altered the landscape of Europe and the Middle East. In central Europe, the collapse of the German, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian empires brought the reconstitution of Poland and the creation of a string of new states based on the principle of national (ethnic) self-determination. The demise of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the appearance of the quasi-independent territories of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine, whose affairs were supervised by one of the Allied Powers under a mandate of the League of Nations.

7. The Fate of the Treaty of Versailles WW had to get the treaty ratified by the senate…hard…Democrats did NOT control the senate WW had to get the treaty ratified by the senate…hard…Democrats did NOT control the senate Opposition: Opposition: Irreconcilables…[mainly] western Republican Progressives who did not want ANY part of the treaty Irreconcilables…[mainly] western Republican Progressives who did not want ANY part of the treaty Reservationists…Republicans who wanted to amend the treaty Reservationists…Republicans who wanted to amend the treaty Primary Source Primary Source

8. The Fate of the Treaty of Versailles To mobilize popular and political support for the treaty, the president embarked on an extensive and exhausting speaking tour. His impassioned defense of the League of Nations brought large audiences to tears, but the strain proved too much for the sixty-two-year-old president. In late September 1919 in Pueblo, Colorado, Wilson collapsed; a week later, back in Washington, he suffered a severe stroke that left him paralyzed on one side of his body. Wilson still refused to compromise. From his sickbed, the president ordered Democratic senators to vote against all Republican amendments. Brought up for a vote in November 1919, the treaty failed to win the required two-thirds majority; a second attempt, in March 1920, fell seven votes short. To mobilize popular and political support for the treaty, the president embarked on an extensive and exhausting speaking tour. His impassioned defense of the League of Nations brought large audiences to tears, but the strain proved too much for the sixty-two-year-old president. In late September 1919 in Pueblo, Colorado, Wilson collapsed; a week later, back in Washington, he suffered a severe stroke that left him paralyzed on one side of his body. Wilson still refused to compromise. From his sickbed, the president ordered Democratic senators to vote against all Republican amendments. Brought up for a vote in November 1919, the treaty failed to win the required two-thirds majority; a second attempt, in March 1920, fell seven votes short. During the final 18 months of Wilson’s presidency, Wilson’s wife and various cabinet members ran the country During the final 18 months of Wilson’s presidency, Wilson’s wife and various cabinet members ran the country

9. Racial Strife, Labor Unrest, and the Red Scare Many African-Americans were determined to fight for their rights after WWI. This exacerbated white racism and led to some horrific race riots Many African-Americans were determined to fight for their rights after WWI. This exacerbated white racism and led to some horrific race riots Lynchings went up…North and South saw violence…violence in northern cities stemmed from fights between white workers returning and expecting their old jobs back. Black workers sometimes acted as strikebreakers Lynchings went up…North and South saw violence…violence in northern cities stemmed from fights between white workers returning and expecting their old jobs back. Black workers sometimes acted as strikebreakers Ethnic conflicts over jobs and patronage had long been part of the urban scene, but racism turned them into violent confrontations. When gangs of young white men bombed or burned houses in African American neighborhoods or attacked their residents, blacks fought back in self-defense and for their rights as citizens. Wilson's rhetoric about democracy and self-determination had raised their expectations, too. Ethnic conflicts over jobs and patronage had long been part of the urban scene, but racism turned them into violent confrontations. When gangs of young white men bombed or burned houses in African American neighborhoods or attacked their residents, blacks fought back in self-defense and for their rights as citizens. Wilson's rhetoric about democracy and self-determination had raised their expectations, too.

10. 1919: A Year of Strikes Workers also had higher expectations. The economic prosperity and government regulations of the war years had brought them higher pay, shorter hours, and better working conditions. As workers tried to maintain and advance these gains, employers tried to cut high wartime wages and root out unions. Consumers and native-born Americans generally sided with management. They blamed workers for the rapidly rising cost of living, which jumped nearly 80 percent between 1917 and 1919, and remained suspicious of unions, which they identified with radicalism and foreigners. Workers also had higher expectations. The economic prosperity and government regulations of the war years had brought them higher pay, shorter hours, and better working conditions. As workers tried to maintain and advance these gains, employers tried to cut high wartime wages and root out unions. Consumers and native-born Americans generally sided with management. They blamed workers for the rapidly rising cost of living, which jumped nearly 80 percent between 1917 and 1919, and remained suspicious of unions, which they identified with radicalism and foreigners. In 1919, 4 million [ 1 out of 5] workers went on strike. In 1919, 4 million [ 1 out of 5] workers went on strike. General Strike in Seattle General Strike in Seattle Steel Strike Steel Strike Lacking public backing, unions declined in membership and influence in the 1920s, and the WWI gains of workers melted away Lacking public backing, unions declined in membership and influence in the 1920s, and the WWI gains of workers melted away

11. The Red Scare and the Palmer Raids Most Americans opposed radicalism and associated unions with radicalism. Most Americans opposed radicalism and associated unions with radicalism. socialism of recent immigrants socialism of recent immigrants fear of Bolshevik Russia fear of Bolshevik Russia Ironically, radicalism was in decline…the Socialists and IWW had been hard hit by wartime repression. Yet the public and the press continued to blame almost every disturbance, especially labor conflicts, on alien radicals. Ironically, radicalism was in decline…the Socialists and IWW had been hard hit by wartime repression. Yet the public and the press continued to blame almost every disturbance, especially labor conflicts, on alien radicals.

13. The Red Scare and the Palmer Raids Attorney general Mitchell Palmer took center stage with WW incapacitated Attorney general Mitchell Palmer took center stage with WW incapacitated The attorney general staged the first of what became known as “Palmer raids.” In November 1919, on the second anniversary of the Russian Revolution, Palmer's agents stormed the headquarters of radical organizations. The dragnet pulled in thousands of aliens who had committed no crime but were suspect because of their anarchist or revolutionary beliefs or their immigrant backgrounds. Lacking the protection of U.S. citizenship, they could be deported without a formal indictment or trial. In December 1919 the USS Buford, nicknamed the “Soviet Ark,” sailed to Russia with a cargo of 294 deported radicals—including the famous anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. The attorney general staged the first of what became known as “Palmer raids.” In November 1919, on the second anniversary of the Russian Revolution, Palmer's agents stormed the headquarters of radical organizations. The dragnet pulled in thousands of aliens who had committed no crime but were suspect because of their anarchist or revolutionary beliefs or their immigrant backgrounds. Lacking the protection of U.S. citizenship, they could be deported without a formal indictment or trial. In December 1919 the USS Buford, nicknamed the “Soviet Ark,” sailed to Russia with a cargo of 294 deported radicals—including the famous anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. January 1920 Palmer rounded up 6,000 radicals. But later in the year the hysteria faded…as did Palmer’s influence January 1920 Palmer rounded up 6,000 radicals. But later in the year the hysteria faded…as did Palmer’s influence

15. The 1920 Election Economic issues, racial unrest, labor unrest Economic issues, racial unrest, labor unrest Sense of disillusionment Sense of disillusionment Party focus: Party focus: Democrats = Progressivism (Wilson wanted the election to be a referendum on Versailles) Democrats = Progressivism (Wilson wanted the election to be a referendum on Versailles) Republicans = Turn back the clock to a simpler time Republicans = Turn back the clock to a simpler time