1. Reformation & Religious Warfare in 16th Century
Chapter 13
Reformation & Religious Warfare in 16th Century

2. What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from Protestant reformers?
In the second half of the fifteenth century, the new classical learning from the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe and started the movement :
Northern (Christian) Renaissance Humanism
goal to reform Christianity
Christian humanists focused on Holy Scriptures
Felt a simple religion had been complicated during the Middle Ages
Through education people could find true inner piety and reform – supported schools

3. Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1535)
Formed reform program of Christian humanism
Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503)
“philosophy of Christ” – inner piety – not external religion like sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, saints, relics
Called for re-translation in Greek (said the Vulgate, Latin version, had errors)
The Praise of Folly (1511)
Criticism of most corrupt practices of society, especially abuses of clergy
Work paved the way for the Reformation

4. Thomas More Thomas More (1478-1535)
Trained in law, proficient in Latin and Greek
Learning should be put into the service of state
Became lord chancellor of England
Friend of Erasmus
Wrote Utopia

5. Thomas More
Utopia (1516)
Account of the idealistic life and institution of community “Utopia” (Greek for nowhere) in the New World
Shows concerns for economic, social, political problems
New social system where cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as motivating agents in society
Communal ownership rather than private property
Opposed Henry VIII’s divorce from Katherine & Pope

6. The Church and Religion
Corruption in the Catholic Church was another factor inspiring reform
Highest positions in Church were held by nobles or the wealthy bourgeoisie
Pluralism: church officials took more than one position to make more money
Indulgences: relics or payments to reduce time in purgatory

7. What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the RCC and why did the movement spread so quickly
Born in Germany, started as a lawyer, became a monk
Focused on assurance of Salvation
Became a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg
Came to believe that no human could ever DO enough to be saved
JUSTIFICATION from grace through faith
(not works, sacraments, penance, etc)

8. Indulgence Controversy
Pope Leo X started an Indulgence Jubilee in 1517 to pay for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica
“as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”
Luther was distressed
95 Theses
Indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences
Thousands of copies were made and spread all Germany
Luther was compared to John Hus and in Luther realized he needed to leave the RCC

9. Luther’s Writings and Consequences
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation – Luther calls for German princes to overthrow papacy
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church – attacked the sacramental system as a way for the papacy to maintain control
Reform of monasticism where clergy can marry
On the Freedom of a Christian Man- treatise proclaiming faith alone ensures salvation
1521 – RCC excommunicates Luther
Charles V called for Luther to appear before the Reichstag
Luther refused
Edict of Worms – made Luther an outlaw within the empire

10. Spread & Conflict
Luther translated the Bible into German and his New Testament sold 200,000 copies in twelve years
Preaching spread Luther’s ideas
Mostly to the upper classes (the literate)
Adreas Carlstadt wanted to initiate a more radical reform
Abolish all relics, images, and the Mass
Erasmus and other Christian Humanists left the movement because it was breaking up Christendom
Peasants’ War ( )
Peasants were unhappy with position and revolted
Luther issued pamphlet Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants
“smite, slay and stab” the peasantry

11. Organizing the Church Luther got rid of all sacraments but
Baptism- rebirth through grace
Communion- forgiveness of sin
Luther denied Transubstantiation
Believed spirit of god was present, but the bread and wine wasn’t Christ's corporal flesh
Got rid of the Clergy
Married a nun, Katherine von Bora as an example

12. Political turmoil allows Lutheranism to spread
1519, Charles I of Spain (grandson of Maximilian) elected Holy Roman Emperor  Charles V
Spain & its overseas possessions
Austrian lands
Bohemia
Hungary
Low Countries
Naples

13. Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans
Rivalry with Francis I, king of France
Disputed territories in France, Netherlands, Rhineland, Northern Spain, Italy
Habsburg-Valois Wars ( )
Papacy sided with France
1527: Charles V’s army sacked Rome
By 1530 Charles V controlled much of Italy
Turks overran most of Hungary, moved into Austria

14. Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans
Charles wanted the hundreds of German states to stay united under Catholicism
Schmalkaldic League made up of German Princes and German states promised to defend each other from Charles V
Schmalkaldic Wars ( )
Initially Charles V won
The League allied with new French king, Henry II
Charles had to call a truce
Peace of Augsburg, 1555, division of Christianity acknowledged, right of each German ruler to choose the religion of his subjects
Charles abdicated the throne in 1556 to live in a monastery

15. Swiss Protestantism Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism
Became a priest in Zürich, Switzerland
Reformed the church in Zürich
Relics and images abolished
Paintings and decorations removed
Music eliminated from services
Believed communion was strictly symbolic – NO physical presence of Christ
Battled with rural Swiss
Killed, cut up, burned, ashes scattered

16. Anabaptists Anabaptists – more radical reform movement
Advocated adult baptism
Strict democracy- all believers equal
Complete separation of church and state
Refused to hold political office
Would not bear arms
Nearly wiped out in the Peasants’ War

17. Anabaptists
Settled in Münster – turned to Millenarianism, belief the end of the world is at hand
Took over town, burned all books but bible
Kicked out and returned to pacifist ways
Menno Simmons ( )
Peaceful evangelist
Separation from the world to emulate Jesus
Strict discipline, banned those who didn’t conform
“Mennonites”
Mennonites and Amish (Anabaptists) still exist today

18. John Calvin John Calvin (1509-1564)
French scholar, not safe in France, moved to Basel
Institutes of the Christian Religion – synthesis of Protestant thought
Justification through faith alone
Predestination – God elects those who will be saved or damned before they are born
In Geneva, created Ecclesiastical Ordinances- document that made a church government overseeing moral life
Colors of clothing, music, church attendance, behavior

19. Create a Thesis and Outline
What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism
Create a unifying thesis – one sentence
Outline three supporting paragraphs
Terms, names, facts

20. Next Time: Seminar Prepare for a seminar on the Counter Reformation
Re-read section in book
Look over outline
You may bring note cards
You will be asked specific and opinion questions
Points rewarded for participation

21. English Reformation
Henry VIII ( ) wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon
Spanish princess to Ferdinand and Isabella
Only delivered on living heir, daughter Mary
Henry in love with lady-in- waiting, Anne Boleyn

22. English Reformation
Henry relied on Cardinal Wolsey, the highest ranking church official in England to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII
sack of Rome in 1527 made pope rely on Charles V
(nephew of Catherine)

23. English Reformation
Anne Boleyn became pregnant, Henry secretly married her in 1533
Thomas Cranmer (archbishop of Canterbury) declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine null because Catherine had been married to Henry’s brother, Arthur, first
Anne gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth
Act of Supremacy: Henry is the head of the Church of England
Treason Act: punishable by death to deny the king had supreme head of the church
Thomas More beheaded under Treason Act

24. English Reformation
Under the new centralized power monasteries were closed, land and possessions were confiscated by the King
Sold to nobles, gentry, merchants
Henry kept looking for the perfect wife
Catherine of Aragon – Mary (Catholic)
Anne Boleyn – Elizabeth (Protestant)
Jane Seymour – Edward (Protestant)
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr

25. After Henry’s death Edward VI became king at 9 Mary I becomes queen
Cranmer and others pushed through more Protestant reforms
Created unrest
Edward died in 1553
Mary I becomes queen
Restores Catholicism
Married Phillip II of Spain (son of Charles V)
“Bloody Mary”
Died in 1558

26. Counter Reformation Seminar
You may use note cards, no notes
Points for meaningful participation

27. What is the Catholic Reformation?
“Counter Reformation”
Mid-16th century
Revival of Roman Catholicism
Aimed at fixing the problems pointed out
Aimed at stopping spread of Protestantism

28. Was it a Catholic or Counter Reformation?
i.e. was it primarily a reformation of the church THANKS to the protestant reformation or was it an attempt to push back Protestantism?

29. What orders were created/revived during the counter-reformation, which were the most important? Why?
Carmelites- created by Spanish mystic Saint Teresa of Avila
Benedictines & Dominicans- renewed
Capuchins- preaching directly to the people
Theatines – founded orphanages and hospitals
Ursulines – schools for girls
Jesuits – founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Most important to counter-reformation
Absolute obedience to the papacy
Education to achieve goals – took over universities
Military like
Missionaries reached Japan & China

30. What effect will the Jesuits have on the world?

31. How did Pope Paul III reform the papacy?
Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church
Commission blamed policies on popes and cardinals
Summoned Council of Trent
Established the Roman Inquisition
Pope Paul IV
Created the Index of Forbidden Books
Books Catholics weren’t allowed to read
All Protestant works
Erasmus

32. Which reform most shows the Catholic Church’s refusal to reform?
Reform commission,
Council of Trent,
Roman Inquisition & Index of Forbidden Books

33. What did the Council of Trent do?
Three sessions between
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs
Only the church could interpret scripture
Both faith and good works needed for salvation
Upheld:
Seven sacraments
Transubstantiation
Clerical celibacy
Belief in purgatory
Efficacy of indulgences (prohibited sale)

34. Why did clarity from the Council of Trent help the Catholic Church?

35. Questions/Comments? Write your name at the top of a paper
Title page Counter Reformation Seminar
1-10 points – how do you think you did?

36. French Wars of Religion
Huguenots- French protestants
10% of French population
40-50% of French nobility
House of Bourbon
next to the Valois in the line of succession
Ruled Navarre
Catherine de’ Medici ( )
Henry II – killed in tournament, Catherine regent for sons
Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III
Tried to find compromise between powerful Guise family & protestants

37. French Wars of Religion
Groups willing to fight monarchy
Towns and provinces were willing to revolt against monarchy because of centralized power
Nobility willing to revolt in opposition to the crown
Politiques – placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war

38. French Wars of Religion
1562: Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful group of Huguenots in Vassy
1572: Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Henry of Navarre (house Bourbon) came to Paris to marry king’s sister
Henry’s mother brought Protestantism to France
Henry leader of Huguenots, many came for wedding
Three days of killing in the bloodiest manner
3000 Huguenots dead
Henry escaped by promising to become Catholic

39. French Wars of Religion
1594: Henry of Navarre made king of France (Henry IV)
“Paris is worth a mass”
Converted to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Acknowledged Catholicism as official religion in France
Guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship
Allowed to hold public offices

40. Philip II of Spain Son of Charles V
Inherited Spain, Netherlands, possessions in Italy & New World
Strict adherence to Catholicism in Philip’s holdings
Aggressive use of Spanish Inquisition
Strong monarchial authority
Tried to be center of whole government and supervised all departments
Unwilling to delegate authority
Fell behind on work and focused on trivial matters

41. Philip II of Spain Wanted to make Spain a dominant power in Europe
Economy
Prosperous economy fueled by gold in New World
Gold and Silver also created inflation that hurt economy and production
Expenses of war devastating to economy
“Most Catholic King”
Defeated Muslims in Cyprus
Tried to crush the Netherlands

42. Revolt in Netherlands One of the richest parts of Philip’s empire
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
Dutch, French, Flemish
Commercial crossroads (remember Hanseatic League?)
Lutheranism, Anabaptism, Calvinism taking over
Philip’s rule was strongly opposed
1566 Calvinists and Nobles destroyed stained glass
Philip sent Duke of Alba with 10,000 soldiers

43. Court of Blood Duke of Alba crushed rebellion
Repressive policies led merchants to join Calvinists
“Council of Troubles” or “Council of Blood” created a reign of terror
William of Orange wished to unite all provinces
Pacification of Ghent – uniting under religious tolerance
Didn’t last long – Duke of Parma came and played on religious differences
South: Catholic
North: Protestant under William of Orange

44. Elizabeth I Elizabeth I became queen in 1558
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Protestant – moderate, between Luther & Calvin
Brilliant, cautious, confident
Imprisoned cousin, Mary Queen of Scots
Fled Scotland from Calvinists
Tried to overthrow Elizabeth many times
Finally beheaded in 1587
Fought the puritans who wanted to reform the church further

45. Foreign Policy Avoided war Encouraged piracy
Supported protestants in France and Spain to weaken other monarchies
Philip enraged over support to the Netherlands
Believed the English would overthrow Elizabeth if he gave them a reason
Sent an Armada to invade England
Beaten by storms and fire ships!