1. The Reformation and National Power 1500-1800
Section 1:
The Catholic Church
Lost Power

2. Key Terms Great Schism Indulgences Boniface VIII
95 Theses (Pg. 386/389)
Act of Supremacy
Elizabeth I
Counter Reformation
Hapsburg
Edict of Nantes
Absolute Monarch
Cardinal Richelieu
Versailles (Pg. 399)
Prussia
Romanov (Pg. 402)
Hohenzollerns

3. Teaching Objective Explain reasons for the decline of the
Catholic Church.
Distinguish between the teachings of Luther and Calvin.
Define the meaning of the Counter Reformation.
Identify the political and military effects of the Reformation.
Explain the advantages/disadvantages of Absolutism.
Provide examples of absolute monarchy in eastern Europe.

4. Power politics affected the Church.
Becomes involved in politics
More powerful than the king or emperor
Pope Boniface VIII ( )
Versus
King Philip IV of France ( )
Great Schism
Split the papacy
Boniface VIII once said that people who were healthy, rich, and lucky were already in paradise. He argued with rulers over whether or not the church should have to pay taxes or the clergy had to abide by royal law. He declared that the church and priests were subject to no mortal and that the pope had absolute power over everything and everyone on earth.
King Philip IV was so angered by this that he sent his men to Rome to capture the pope. He was thrown into prison and rescued by the people of Rome a few days later and died two weeks after that (age 80+).
Philip forced the new pope to leave Rome and live in Avignon, France where papacy stayed for 65 years and became extremely unpopular due to its corruption and greed. It was also seen as a puppet to the French kings which was seen as an extension of them interfering in International politics.
Papacy tried to return to Rome—French get upset Italian cardinals elect an Italian pope while the French cardinals elect a French pope: Each claiming to be the only true head of the church
Ended in 1417 when the Holy Roman Emperor intervened and demanded the election of one pope but after 100 years+ of this the church lost status
Pictured in the upper right is Pope Boniface VIII and Philip (the Fair) IV

5. Church seen as a secular state
complete separation of church and state
Power politics
Material wealth
Greed and Corruption
Indulgences—documents
New Forces Challenge the Church
Wealthy Cities Oppose the Church
Increase in wealth, decrease in spiritual concerns
Merchants and material possessions
Church leaders became just as secular
Undermined basic church doctrine
Business and Commerce were on the rise
Church contradicts—loaning money as sinful

6. The Reformation and National Power 1500-1800
Section 2: The Reformation Divided Europe

7. Germany Was the Natural Place for the Reformation to Begin
Deep and serious feelings
Independent states that resisted control
Martin Luther

8. Anabaptists—3rd Branch
Characteristics of the Anabaptists
Thomas Munster was one of the founders of the Anabaptist movement.

9. Fourth Branch of the Protestant Reformation
Pages

10. Teaching Objectives Discuss the fourth branch of the reformation
Describe the Counter Reformation and the widespread effects of both the Reformation and the Counter Reformation

11. The Fourth Branch of the Reformation
The Tudors England breaks with Rome
King Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Mary
Anne Boleyn
Elizabeth I
Act of Supremacy
England remained tied to the Catholic Church for the early years of the reformation. King Henry VIII ruled from He wrote a pamphlet in 1521 attacking Martin Luther. The pope rewarded Henry VIII the title of “Defender of the Faith” which still remains on English coinage today.
Not long after this, Henry VIII asked the pope to grant a divorce to Henry VIII and his wife Catherine of Aragon because their only child was a girl, Mary, and Henry wanted a boy. The pope refused but the English clergy was upset with the amount of influence the Roman popes had on the English church much like that of the Germans. Henry found an archbishop who in 1533 declared that Catherine of Aragon was no longer Henry’s lawful wife. This made Henry VIII a free man and more importantly free to marry Anne Boleyn. Henry hoped she would produce a male heir to the throne. Anne Boleyn had a baby girl named Elizabeth. The pope in Rome was not happy with what Henry VIII had done already but Henry VIII takes the break one step further. He addresses Parliament and has them issue the Act of Supremacy: This made Henry VIII the head of the Church in England—he took Catholic church land and abolished monasteries. He also had services held in English instead of Latin.
6 wives—Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived. Catherine, Anne, Jane, Anne, Catherine, Katherine

12. The Anglican Church Henry VIII Bloody Mary Elizabeth I
Jane Seymour (#3)
Edward VI
Bloody Mary
Persecution of Protestants
Elizabeth I
Creates the Anglican Church
Henry VIII married his third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to a very sickly boy named Edward VI who died at age 16. Henry’s daughter Mary became queen in We will talk about Mary later in the section when we discuss her rule in section 3. Mary was known for her persecution of Protestants leading people to call her “Bloody Mary.” Elizabeth I succeeded Mary and brought back Protestantism to England. Parliament then passed laws to create the Anglican Church or the Church of England. To this day, the head of the church is the king or queen of England not the pope.

13. The Puritans and the Irish disagree with the Church of England
The Puritans object the Church of England
The Irish rebel
Scottish vs. Irish still exists!
Most people were pleased with the Church of England but others objected the Catholic symbols and rituals that were still used. They believed in the Calvinists’ views and wanted the church to be “pure” hence being called the Puritans. Many of these people went to the new colonies in America but some stayed in England and ruled in England for 15 years.
England partly conquered Ireland in the 1100’s but Ireland constantly fought English rule. The bitterness was escalated when Henry VIII began the Church of Ireland in the 1530’s. Many Irish remained Catholic and the protestant church now added even more bitter feelings toward England. The Irish continued to rebel even during the reign of Elizabeth I. They rebelled 3 times and were brutally taken down each time. Much later, in 1690, the English settled Scottish Calvinists in 6 Northern Ireland states. Protestant vs. Catholic rebellions still exist in this area today.

14. The Counter Reformation
The Roman Catholic Church tries to win people back
Jesuit Order
Ignatius Loyola
Council of Trent
Bans the abuse of the selling of indulgences and simony
New groups were developed to try to strengthen the church through teaching and missionary work. The Jesuit Order became an official part of the Catholic Church in 1541 with founder of the movement Ignatius Loyola native of Spain. He served as a soldier in Spain and while he was recovering in a hospital he decided he would dedicate his life to God and the church. The Jesuit Order became known for its schools and missions which brought many people back to the church.
In 1542, Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent to deal with the church’s problems and suggest reforms. They upheld the church doctrine that stated that religious authority came from both the bible and church traditions. Good works as defined by the church remained the route to salvation but they did end the selling of indulgences and simony—selling of church positions. It also improved Church administration, education, and reformed life in the monasteries. The Counter Reformation was very successful—it stopped the spread of Protestantism in France, won back Hungary and Poland, and kept Catholicism strong in other countries such as Bavaria, Austria, Ireland, and southern Netherlands.

15. Widespread Effects
Spread the ideas of democracy and representative government
Encouraged education
Aid religious tolerance and freedom
Calvinists pushed that the common people needed to be involved in the government of the church and this spilled over into politics. They also glorified work, thrift and profits which helped to lead the middle class to gain more power and dignity.
Protestants and Catholics are all Christians but the church was no longer the same. Northern Europe became mostly Protestant and Southern Europe remain Catholic—a division that still exists today.

16. True or False? Since Germans were not religious,
Germany seemed an unlikely place to begin.

17. True or False?
Luther believed that human beings could be saved only by faith.

18. True or False?
Luther’s Ninety-five Theses condemned the sale of indulgences by the Church.

19. True or False?
Luther’s translation of the Bible into German brought both religious and cultural changes to Germany.

20. True or False?
The end of the civil wars in Germany in 1555 brought Protestants and Catholics closer together.

21. True or False?
The Lutheran Church was the only Protestant religion in Europe during the 16th century.

22. True or False?
Calvinism taught that each individual must earn salvation by doing good works.

23. True or False?
Elizabeth I fought to restore Catholicism to England.

24. True or False?
Henry VIII of England became head of the Anglican Church but recognized the pope’s authority over him.

25. True or False?
Anabaptists were pacifists who believed they owed allegiance only to God.

26. The Reformation and National Power 1500-1800
Section 3: Religious Differences Mixed With Political Conflicts

27. The Hapsburgs Split the Empire
Charles V
Philip II—Spain
Ferdinand I—HRE
Philip II was a devout Catholic
Crush Protestants
The Inquisition
Military used to spread Catholicism
The Hapsburg were the strongest ruling family in power ruling central Europe, Spain, and Southern Italy, French Burgundy and the Netherlands.
Charles V was the Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
Charles V in theory ruled over all of the land but in order to gain a balance of power German states banned together to not allow any one country to gain too much power.
Ferdinand I (brother) gets Austria along with the rest of the Holy Roman Empire and Grandson Philip II takes Spain
Philip II used the Spanish Inquisition to crush the spread of the protestant reformation. Many people were too afraid to admit they agreed with the protestant side. He also used his Spanish Armada to defeat protestant armies at sea.

28. Mary I—Bloody Mary
Mary I takes over after Edward the VI dies of tuberculosis
Catholic
Marries Philip II
Bloody Mary—400 clergy executed
Dies of cancer

29. Elizabeth I Mary’s half sister Philip II asks for her hand in marriage
English sea captains pirated ships
Helped the protestants in the Netherlands
Defeats the Armada
Free and Protestant
Important naval power

30. Civil War in France Huguenots vs. Catholics
Catherine de Medici—regent for her sons
Catholic
Bourbon Family
Southern France
Protestant
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre—10,000 people
Dies of pneumonia 1589

31. Henry of Navarre becomes King Henry IV
Converted to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes
Protect the liberties of the Huguenots
Allowed them to hold public office
First to permit more than one religion in the country

32. The Bourbons Take Over
The Bourbon family was from southern France and led the Protestants against the Catholics. Catholic forces planned a general uprising against their Protestant enemies in At midnight, the mass murder began. Mobs attacked and killed anyone they thought might be Protestant. At least 10,000 Huguenots died in the bloody St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacres. The Catholics did not succeed, however, Henry of Navarre was next in line for the throne. He converted to Catholicism to become King Henry IV, but he didn’t forget the Huguenots and signed a pease treaty with Spain and issued the Edict of Nantes. This protected the liberties of the Huguenots and allowed them to hold public office. France was the first to support more than one form of Christianity.
States were sharply divided between Catholics and Protestants, they fought each other and their neighbors for 30 years…The 30 year war. Power politics became mixed up with religion.
Impacts:
1. Germany divided between Protestants in the north and Catholics in the south.
2. German states retained independence.
3. 1/3 of German population died in the war and their economy fell apart.

33. The Reformation and National Power 1500-1800
Section 4:
France Becomes Europe’s
Leading Power

34. Absolutism Monarchs had complete control over nation
All laws & courts
Collect / Spend taxes
Control Army
Economy: Commerce & cities important, middle class economic and political importance = $$$ = Success
Louis XIV = Absolute Leader of France
Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan thought humans were basically selfish and greedy, and needed some stronger power to controll them, if not, they would constantly be at war. The only way for humans to live in peace was to have a ruler govern them absolutely.
Richelieu became the architect of French absolutism. In 1622, he was made a cardinal in the Catholic Church and two years later he was the chief minister of France. The new King Louis XIII was pretty young when he took over and could not get along without Cardinal Richelieu. Louis allowed him almost absolute control over France. Richelieu’s principles was the idea that the state needed absolute power to create order in the world. Strengthen the power of French king, which meant to subdue the nobility and Huguenots. Make France supreme in Europe which meant to break Hapsburg power in Europe. And to make Louis XIII famous throughout the world. Louis XII died early leaving his four year old son Louis XIV as king. Richelieu trained Mazarin as a successor. Mazarin ran the government until Louis XIV was 22 following Richelieu’s policies. At first things didn’t go well. Louis XIV was the perfect example of an absolute ruler with unlimited power. His next advisor Jean Colbert helped France by strengthening overseas colonies in West Idies and Canada. Louis XIV was a strong believer in Catholicism and feared non-Catholics wuold be disloyal and weaken France. He took away the Edict of Nantes and took away freedom of worship from the Huguenots, thousands fled to Prussia, England and America. He also built a lavish palace at Versailles and surrounded himself with nobles who did nothing but to serve and amuse him. This was a luxury and waste and cost the french taxpayers.
He also wanted to follow Richelieu’s policy to become powerful and fought four long wars in nearly 50 years. He was not successful with any of them and left France with a large debt.

35. The Reformation and National Power 1500-1800
Section 5:
Absolutist Monarchies Arose in Central and Eastern Europe

36. Eastern Europe Absolutism
Economy: Few cities existed, Church owned large amounts of land, medieval system of controlling land/labor = Success
“the Greats”
Comes with a price…
Treated people poorly
War important
The economy in eastern Europe was different than western. Still, the ideas of government spread. Sme rulers wanted central/absolutist governments, but few rulers actually succeeded.
Area in German-speaking Austria were Hapsburg family lands. For a lonk time, Hapsburgs had been Holy Roman Emperors in this area, but since was now a collection of independent states and free cities. One of the Hapsburgs, Emperor Leopold I made a more compact state that was part f Hungary, Bohemia and Austria (capital was Vienna). He build an absolutist monarchy, but different from France’s. Many ethnic groups on their lands wanted local independence.
Prussia: The Hohenzollern family were rulers became important Protestant rulers in the German states. Frederick William, Prussia king, created a powerful army so they could not be defeated like they did in the 30 years war. His great-grandson, Frederick II had ideals of the Enlightenment and abolished torture in criminal cases and changed civil courts. He allowed all religions to practice in Prussia and worked to improve government, industry, education and living conditions. He became known as “Frederick the Great” when he conquered the neighboring Austrian territory..
Russia: Government had broke down and the old ruling family did not have a male heir, so the peasant rose up in rebellion. For a short time, Sweden took advantage of the problems and took over Moscow, but in 1613, Mikhail Romanov was named as tsar. Eventually they built Russia into a great empire. They ruled until Peter the Great became leader in He westernized Russia, and was an absolutist and felt military was the key to national power. He built a new capital city in St. Petersburg (Leningrad) he removed all traces of local self-government and put the Russian Orthodox Church under his control. The peasants had to pay heavy taxes and serfs were virtually slaves under “Peter the Greats” leadership. He made this compromise though so the nobils would keep allegiance to him. He extended Russian boundaries. He waged war against the Swedes to gain “windows” to the western Europe by water. After Peter was done ruling, there were a few bad ones, but then Catherine the Great sized the throne after her mentally unfit husband, Peter III was murdered in She was gifterd and educated. She improved schools, modernized laws, but peasant conditions became worse. She is known as “the Great” because she conquered areas in the south of Russia.