1. The Protestant Reformation
Breaking the monopoly of the Catholic Church in the 1500s.

2. I. The Need for Reform
The Protestant Reformation began in the early 1500s (in the middle of the Renaissance).
During this time many people questioned the “worldliness” of the Catholic Church.

3. I. The Need for Reform (cont.)
What “worldly” things was the Church involved in?
Tax collection.
Real Estate.
Politics & Government.
Military adventures.

4. I. The Need for Reform (cont.)
A specific complaint was the sale of “indulgences.”
Indulgence = a reduction of punishment for a sinner after death.
Can salvation be bought & sold?

5. II. Martin Luther Martin Luther –(1483-1546) German.
A Catholic monk and university professor.

6. II. Martin Luther (cont.)
Martin Luther King, Jr. –
American.
A Baptist preacher and a Civil Rights leader. (1960s)

7. II. Martin Luther (cont.)
Middle class family background.
Dad wanted him to become a lawyer.
Nearly struck by lightning, Martin decided to become a monk.
Believed that reforming the Catholic Church was his calling.

8. II. Martin Luther (c0nt.) In 1517, Luther posted his 95 Theses.
Published all over Europe.
In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
Luther started his own church.

9. III. Luther’s Reforms 5 of Luther’s reform ideas:
Catholic Church: Faith + good works = salvation.
Luther: “Faith alone” = salvation.

10. III. Luther’s Reforms (cont.)
CC: Pope is the supreme authority.
L: Bible is the supreme authority.
CC: Man  Priest  God.
L: Man  God.

11. III. Luther’s Reforms (cont.)
CC: Complex ceremonies in Latin.
L: Simplified ceremonies in common languages.
CC: Priests must remain celibate.
L: Priests can marry.

12. IV. The Violent Aftermath
In 1521, Luther was convicted of being a heretic at the Diet of Worms .
He was sentenced to death by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Luther was protected by princes friendly to his cause.

13. IV. The Violent Aftermath (cont.)
Religious wars were fought in the Holy Roman Empire between Protestant and Catholic princes.
After 30 years of conflict, Charles V agreed to the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

15. Important Note: Luther did NOT believe in religious freedom.
He thought his religious interpretation was correct.
He spoke out against Catholics and Jews who would not convert.

16. V. Henry VIII
Henry VIII –
King of England
from

17. V. Henry VIII (cont.)
Henry was a devout Catholic who in 1521 harshly criticized Martin Luther.
For this, Pope Leo X gave Henry the title “Defender of the Faith.”

18. V. Henry VIII (cont.)
Married to Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella.
Although she had many children, only a daughter, Mary, survived infancy.
Needing a son to inherit his throne, Henry wanted his marriage annulled.

19. V. Henry VIII (cont.)
Pope Clement VII who was under the control of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V refused.
Henry denounced the Pope and brought the churches in England under his control.

20. V. Henry VIII (cont.)
Henry appointed his friend Thomas Cranmer to be the Archbishop of Canterbury.
In 1533, Cranmer gave Henry his annulment so that he could re-marry.

21. V. Henry VIII (cont.) The Pope ex-communicated Henry for adultery.
In 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy.
Made the king the official head of the new Church of England.

22. Both were Protestant reforms.
V. Henry VIII (cont.)
The Anglican Church maintained most Catholic traditions, except:
Use of a Bible written in English.
Allowing priests to marry.
Both were Protestant reforms.

23. V. Henry VIII (cont.)
Henry married Anne Boleyn who had only one child, a daughter, Elizabeth.
Henry later had Anne beheaded for adultery.
He would marry 4 more times and eventually get his son, Edward.

24. VI. The Spread of Protestantism
The Lutheran Church took hold in:
Northern Germany.
Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland)
The Baltic states of Estonia & Latvia.

25. VI. The Spread of Protestantism (cont.)
In the 1530s, John Calvin, a French reformer started his own Protestant church which became popular in:
Switzerland
Netherlands
Scotland (Presbyterians)
Parts of France (Huguenots)

26. VII. The Counter-Reformation
With the Catholic Church under serious attack, Pope Paul III called for the Council of Trent in 1545.
The Council made reforms and corrected many abuses of the clergy.

27. VII. The Counter-Reformation (cont.)
By 1600, the Church had stopped losing people to Protestant churches.
The Church maintained power in places like:
France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Ireland Austria and Poland.