1. Dr. Albaqir A. Mukhtar Director o Director of Al-Khatim Adlan Centre for Enlightenment and Human Development (KACE) – Khartoum, Sudan

2. What’s Going on in Darfur? How The Conflict is Perceived: a. In the West b. The Arab/Islamic World

3. Nuba Mountains

4. North-South

5. From Darfur “African”

6. From Darfur “Arab”

7. From Darfur “African”

8. South-North

9. North-North

10. North

11. North

12. Darfur

13. Beja “Eastern Sudan”

14. The Current Situation 1 Security is deteriorating by the day Security is deteriorating by the day The conflict reached Darfurian cities: Crimes in the Cities: Recently the Janjaweed attacked Fashir and Kabkabiyya The conflict reached Darfurian cities: Crimes in the Cities: Recently the Janjaweed attacked Fashir and Kabkabiyya JEM’s recent attack on Khartoum. JEM’s recent attack on Khartoum. Abductions & assassinations inside the cities Abductions & assassinations inside the cities Crimes in the Camps: Crimes in the Camps: Highway robbery Highway robbery

15. The Current Situation 2 Killing, rape & displacement continues: Killing, rape & displacement continues: The latest Bombing on 3-4 May of the school in Shegeg Karo by Antonov planes The latest Bombing on 3-4 May of the school in Shegeg Karo by Antonov planes 2 million displaced people living in about 100 camps in Darfur 2 million displaced people living in about 100 camps in Darfur 250,000 refugees in Chad 250,000 refugees in Chad 10,000 in Central Africa 10,000 in Central Africa Thousands went into the Northern Cities Thousands went into the Northern Cities Hundreds of villages burnt Hundreds of villages burnt

16. Historical Background 1 An independent Sultanate for 700 years An independent Sultanate for 700 years Joined the rest of Sudan in 1916 Joined the rest of Sudan in 1916 Then started a History of : Then started a History of : Neglect Neglect Marginalization: political, economic and cultural Marginalization: political, economic and cultural Exploitation Exploitation Racism Racism

17. Historical Background 2 Tribal conflict over resources Tribal conflict over resources Regional instability and spread of small arms Regional instability and spread of small arms Famine Famine Armed Robbery Armed Robbery

18. Historical Background 3 The Government became part of the conflict Recruited the Janjaweed from amongst the “Arab” tribes. Recruited the Janjaweed from amongst the “Arab” tribes. 300,000 deaths according to the UN Secretary General t the UN Security Council. 300,000 deaths according to the UN Secretary General t the UN Security Council. The attacks had compounded the extent of displacement, insecurity and untold human suffering. The attacks had compounded the extent of displacement, insecurity and untold human suffering.

19. Western Media Revealed the atrocities in Darfur through Satellite images Revealed the atrocities in Darfur through Satellite images Gave it a human face Gave it a human face Outrage of the public Outrage of the public NGOs Campaigned NGOs Campaigned Governments Responded Governments Responded

20. Coverage in Western Media Example of Western Media Coverage: Example of Western Media Coverage: BBC Panorama: The New Killing fields BBC Panorama: The New Killing fields Date of transmission 14:11:04, Date of transmission 14:11:04, Presenter Hilary Anderson visited a devastated village Presenter Hilary Anderson visited a devastated village Interviewed Survivors; among them Interviewed Survivors; among them Khadija, a woman from Darfur who lost all her 3 children plus her husband and brother. Khadija, a woman from Darfur who lost all her 3 children plus her husband and brother.

21. Khadija’s Words “ I found the body of my 4 year old son by the hospital. I picked him up and went looking for my other two children. I found them dead inside the school. They'd been hiding in the corner of the classroom. There were lots of dead children lying in front of the school. There is so much sadness. God forgive me, it would be better to be dead ”. “ I found the body of my 4 year old son by the hospital. I picked him up and went looking for my other two children. I found them dead inside the school. They'd been hiding in the corner of the classroom. There were lots of dead children lying in front of the school. There is so much sadness. God forgive me, it would be better to be dead ”.

22. NGOs Example Amnesty International: Example Amnesty International: [PDF] Template_Page 5.eps... W hen Amnesty International delegates tried to discuss the extent of the problem of rape in Darfur with the Sudanese government in 2004, every member of the... www.amnesty.org/resources/pdf/sudan_crisis_2006/svaw_casesheet-eng.pdf - 2007-05-04 - Text VersionSudan: Surviving Rape in [PDF] Template_Page 5.eps... W hen Amnesty International delegates tried to discuss the extent of the problem of rape in Darfur with the Sudanese government in 2004, every member of the... www.amnesty.org/resources/pdf/sudan_crisis_2006/svaw_casesheet-eng.pdf - 2007-05-04 - Text VersionSudan: Surviving Rape inTemplate_Page 5.epsText VersionSudan: Surviving Rape inTemplate_Page 5.epsText VersionSudan: Surviving Rape in Darfur - Amnesty International... SUDAN Surviving Rape in Darfur.... On 19 July 2004, Amnesty International launched a report on Sudan: Darfur, Rape as a Weapon of War, (AI Index: AFR 54/076/2004).... web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAFR540972004?open&of=eng-sdn - 32k - 2004-08-09 - CachedDay for Darfur 2 - 10 December 06 - Darfur - Amnesty International... SUDAN Surviving Rape in Darfur.... On 19 July 2004, Amnesty International launched a report on Sudan: Darfur, Rape as a Weapon of War, (AI Index: AFR 54/076/2004).... web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAFR540972004?open&of=eng-sdn - 32k - 2004-08-09 - CachedDay for Darfur 2 - 10 December 06 - Darfur - Amnesty InternationalCachedDay for Darfur 2 - 10 December 06 - Darfur - Amnesty InternationalCachedDay for Darfur 2 - 10 December 06 -

23. Testimonies of 250 Rape Victims We heard the Janjawid decide to open fire on the Mosque, and so we decided to run out… they captured the women… The men were holding their throats and sitting on their bodies, so they could not move, and they took off their clothes and then used them as women. More than one man would use one woman. I could hear the women crying for help, but there was no one to help them. We heard the Janjawid decide to open fire on the Mosque, and so we decided to run out… they captured the women… The men were holding their throats and sitting on their bodies, so they could not move, and they took off their clothes and then used them as women. More than one man would use one woman. I could hear the women crying for help, but there was no one to help them.

24. Human Face I was sleeping when the attack on Disa started. I was taken away by the attackers, they were all in uniforms. They took dozens of other girls and made us walk for three hours. During the day we were beaten and they were telling us: "You, the black women, we will exterminate you, you have no god." At night we were raped several times. The Arabs(1) guarded us with arms and we were not given food for three days." I was sleeping when the attack on Disa started. I was taken away by the attackers, they were all in uniforms. They took dozens of other girls and made us walk for three hours. During the day we were beaten and they were telling us: "You, the black women, we will exterminate you, you have no god." At night we were raped several times. The Arabs(1) guarded us with arms and we were not given food for three days." A female refugee from Disa [Masalit village, West Darfur], interviewed by Amnesty International delegates in Goz Amer camp for Sudanese refugees in Chad, May 2004 A female refugee from Disa [Masalit village, West Darfur], interviewed by Amnesty International delegates in Goz Amer camp for Sudanese refugees in Chad, May 2004

25. Testimonies The testimony of the Sudanese woman given above echoes hundreds of others, collected by Amnesty International, other human rights organisations, UN fact-finding missions and independent journalists. The testimony of the Sudanese woman given above echoes hundreds of others, collected by Amnesty International, other human rights organisations, UN fact-finding missions and independent journalists. They all describe a pattern of systematic and unlawful attacks on civilians in North, West and South Darfur states, by a government-sponsored militia mostly referred to as "Janjawid"(armed men on horses) or "Arab militia" and by the government army, including through bombardments of civilian villages by the Sudanese Air Force. They all describe a pattern of systematic and unlawful attacks on civilians in North, West and South Darfur states, by a government-sponsored militia mostly referred to as "Janjawid"(armed men on horses) or "Arab militia" and by the government army, including through bombardments of civilian villages by the Sudanese Air Force. These armed groups, mainly of Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnicity were founded in 2003. These armed groups, mainly of Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnicity were founded in 2003.

26. Western Governments Tough talk: No Action Tough talk: No Action Bogged in Controversial Terminologies Bogged in Controversial Terminologies Spent a lot of time debating what to call it Spent a lot of time debating what to call it Instead of how to change the situation Instead of how to change the situation China & Russia coming to rescue GOS China & Russia coming to rescue GOS

27. Responses in the Arab/Muslim World The government of Sudan, The government of Sudan, The Arabic media, The Arabic media, High profile Islamists leaders, High profile Islamists leaders, Pro-Government northern Sudanese educated and intellectuals Pro-Government northern Sudanese educated and intellectuals Denial, tolerance, indifference, Denial, tolerance, indifference, Casting doubts, shadowing the reality Casting doubts, shadowing the reality

28. Frequently Asked Questions Sudanese and Arabic media, as well as Islamic websites: Sudanese and Arabic media, as well as Islamic websites: “ why is this focus on Darfur by the international media and western governments? “ why is this focus on Darfur by the international media and western governments? “ in whose name and for whose agenda? ” “ in whose name and for whose agenda? ” “ whether there are huge mineral resources in Darfur that the west knows about ” “ whether there are huge mineral resources in Darfur that the west knows about ” These media outlets cast doubts on the “ west ’ s sudden interest in Sudan ” These media outlets cast doubts on the “ west ’ s sudden interest in Sudan ” They suggest that strategic and economic interests, and not humanitarian reasons, are the main motivating factors for action They suggest that strategic and economic interests, and not humanitarian reasons, are the main motivating factors for action

29. Arab Media In the Arab Media the main concern is In the Arab Media the main concern is the international “ intervention ” in Sudan. the international “ intervention ” in Sudan. A big conspiracy against the Muslim and Arab worlds; it started with Afghanistan, then Iraq and now Sudan while Syria and Iran in the queue. A big conspiracy against the Muslim and Arab worlds; it started with Afghanistan, then Iraq and now Sudan while Syria and Iran in the queue.

30. Al-Jazeera TV To give just the titles of the programs devoted by one satellite channel, al-Jazeera TV, for the Darfur crisis, Darfur and International Pressure on Khartoum aired 26/7/2004,[i] Darfur and International Pressure on Khartoum aired 26/7/2004,[i] Among the sub-headings of this program are: “ international and American focus on Darfur and the reasons behind it ” ; Among the sub-headings of this program are: “ international and American focus on Darfur and the reasons behind it ” ; “ accusations against Sudan Government ” ; “ accusations against Sudan Government ” ; “ fears that Sudan may be occupied ”, “ fears that Sudan may be occupied ”, “ the importance of a political solution and the risks of imposing sanctions ”. “ the importance of a political solution and the risks of imposing sanctions ”. Another program was titled Darfur Opened the Door Wide for International Intervention in Sudan. Another program was titled Darfur Opened the Door Wide for International Intervention in Sudan. A third program was titled Darfur between Humanitarian Motivation and Interests of Great Powers aired 6/8/2004. A third program was titled Darfur between Humanitarian Motivation and Interests of Great Powers aired 6/8/2004. The fourth program, which was a sheer propaganda on behalf of the government, is titled the Causes of the Crisis in Darfur, which was a prolonged interview with Al ’ Awwa aired on September 15, 2004 The fourth program, which was a sheer propaganda on behalf of the government, is titled the Causes of the Crisis in Darfur, which was a prolonged interview with Al ’ Awwa aired on September 15, 2004

31. Muslim Organizations Example: International Union of the Muslim Ulama (IUMU) headed by Sheikh Qaradawi Example: International Union of the Muslim Ulama (IUMU) headed by Sheikh Qaradawi The Sheikh accused: The Sheikh accused: Western governments of conspiring against Islam, and Western governments of conspiring against Islam, and Western NGOs working in Darfur of using humanitarian assistance as a disguise for missionary work, aiming to convert the people of Darfur to Christianity, as part of their religious war against Islam. Western NGOs working in Darfur of using humanitarian assistance as a disguise for missionary work, aiming to convert the people of Darfur to Christianity, as part of their religious war against Islam. He also stressed the need “ to strengthen the religious knowledge of the people of Darfur ”, and to meet their material needs. He also stressed the need “ to strengthen the religious knowledge of the people of Darfur ”, and to meet their material needs. He urged the fighting parties to stop this war, which gave the enemies of the Umma the opportunity to intervene in Muslims ’ affairs He urged the fighting parties to stop this war, which gave the enemies of the Umma the opportunity to intervene in Muslims ’ affairs

32. Quote from Qaradawi “ the Zionists are behind what is happening in Darfur in order to cause turmoil in Sudan and to distract the Umma from its focus on Iraq and Palestine ” “ the Zionists are behind what is happening in Darfur in order to cause turmoil in Sudan and to distract the Umma from its focus on Iraq and Palestine ”

33. Mohammed Salim al-Awwa Quote 1 Quote 1 “ we investigated the matter when we were in Khartoum with members of Parliament from Darfur. When we went to Darfur we interviewed many women who told us there was no any rape ”. “ we investigated the matter when we were in Khartoum with members of Parliament from Darfur. When we went to Darfur we interviewed many women who told us there was no any rape ”.

34. Al-Awwa Qoute 2 Qoute 2 The fact of the matter is that the accusations of rape were made to defame the government and the people of Sudan, to make the case for foreign intervention in the country. The Sudan Government did not do any wrong. All these accusations are false. There is a plan to subjugate Sudan to the west. Darfur is rich with pure iron ore, uranium, and oil. Darfur is the Gate of Islam to Africa. The unified Muslims of Darfur are a threat to the west. That is why Darfur is a target. Now we must talk about the conspiracy. What is going on in Palestine and Darfur is a part of the conspiracy. The Zionist enemies are working in Darfur The fact of the matter is that the accusations of rape were made to defame the government and the people of Sudan, to make the case for foreign intervention in the country. The Sudan Government did not do any wrong. All these accusations are false. There is a plan to subjugate Sudan to the west. Darfur is rich with pure iron ore, uranium, and oil. Darfur is the Gate of Islam to Africa. The unified Muslims of Darfur are a threat to the west. That is why Darfur is a target. Now we must talk about the conspiracy. What is going on in Palestine and Darfur is a part of the conspiracy. The Zionist enemies are working in Darfur

35. Common Denominator The common denominator among all the elements of this trend is as follows: The common denominator among all the elements of this trend is as follows: There is no genocide or ethnic cleansing in Darfur There is no genocide or ethnic cleansing in Darfur There is no mass rape of women. There is no mass rape of women. The Janjawid are not synonymous with Arab tribes, The Janjawid are not synonymous with Arab tribes, There are no “ Arabs ” per se in Darfur, for they all look alike. There are no “ Arabs ” per se in Darfur, for they all look alike. There is no relationship or coordination between the government ’ s forces and the Janjawid. There is no relationship or coordination between the government ’ s forces and the Janjawid. The crisis is a local problem; a tribal conflict over scarce resources. The crisis is a local problem; a tribal conflict over scarce resources.

36. The Three Ds Why then a limited problem blown out of proportion by the USA and western powers? It is a plot to: Defame Islam, Defame Islam, Divide Sudan, Divide Sudan, Distract the world ’ s attention from Iraq and Palestine Distract the world ’ s attention from Iraq and Palestine

37. Arab & Muslim countries and organisations Once Arab & Muslims rested on this understanding of the crisis, they turned away from Darfur; Once Arab & Muslims rested on this understanding of the crisis, they turned away from Darfur; Despite the fact that the victims and the aggressors are all Muslims, they did nothing to bring the crisis to a halt? Despite the fact that the victims and the aggressors are all Muslims, they did nothing to bring the crisis to a halt? Muslim institutions in the West appear disinterested in the whole affair. Muslim institutions in the West appear disinterested in the whole affair. Some are merely paying lip service to fend off accusations. Some are merely paying lip service to fend off accusations. “At least this is how I felt when I caught up with Dr Daud Abdullah, the Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), the largest umbrella Muslim group representing over 400 Muslim organisations in the country”. Ramzy Baroud: @ “At least this is how I felt when I caught up with Dr Daud Abdullah, the Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB), the largest umbrella Muslim group representing over 400 Muslim organisations in the country”. Ramzy Baroud: @ http://www.bruneitimes.com.bn/details.php?shape_ID=29441 http://www.bruneitimes.com.bn/details.php?shape_ID=29441 http://www.bruneitimes.com.bn/details.php?shape_ID=29441

38. Consequences An uncountable number of people are unnecessarily dying, An uncountable number of people are unnecessarily dying, Starvation and disease, Starvation and disease, Murdered with impunity, Murdered with impunity, Two million live in refugee camps, Two million live in refugee camps, Still targeted mostly by Janjawid militias Still targeted mostly by Janjawid militias Even those who cross into Chad _ 200,000 refugees are not safe. Even those who cross into Chad _ 200,000 refugees are not safe.

39. What is to be done? Easing the humanitarian Crisis Muslim and Arab governments must do more to help ease the humanitarian crisis both by increasing financial assistance and by raising the profile of the crisis. It is Muslims who are being killed yet many Muslim governments have failed to speak out about it. This is not good enough. Muslim and Arab governments must do more to help ease the humanitarian crisis both by increasing financial assistance and by raising the profile of the crisis. It is Muslims who are being killed yet many Muslim governments have failed to speak out about it. This is not good enough. Aid agencies on the ground in Darfur are there to help the most vulnerable, and targeted attacks on aid workers and their assets must stop now. Aid agencies on the ground in Darfur are there to help the most vulnerable, and targeted attacks on aid workers and their assets must stop now. Government restrictions on access to Darfur for aid workers must end. Government restrictions on access to Darfur for aid workers must end.

40. Immediate Measure Promoting a ceasefire and International Humanitarian Law in Darfur Promoting a ceasefire and International Humanitarian Law in Darfur All sides - the rebels and government - must immediately respect and comply with the ceasefire agreements already signed since May 2004. All sides - the rebels and government - must immediately respect and comply with the ceasefire agreements already signed since May 2004. The ceasefire should be monitored closely, and the international community must ensure those who violate it are held to account. The ceasefire should be monitored closely, and the international community must ensure those who violate it are held to account.

41. Immediate Measures Ensuring effective protection for the civilians of Darfur Ensuring effective protection for the civilians of Darfur As agreed at Abuja (with the African Union and Arab League in attendance), an effective AU-UN hybrid peacekeeping force should be deployed to protect Darfuri civilians (this should include female peacekeepers). As agreed at Abuja (with the African Union and Arab League in attendance), an effective AU-UN hybrid peacekeeping force should be deployed to protect Darfuri civilians (this should include female peacekeepers). This should be done as quickly as possible and with the consent of all sides. This should be done as quickly as possible and with the consent of all sides. If any party tries to prevent the deployment of such a force the international community, and the Muslim World in particular, must convince and pressure them to change their minds. Civilian protection must come first. If any party tries to prevent the deployment of such a force the international community, and the Muslim World in particular, must convince and pressure them to change their minds. Civilian protection must come first.

42. More Involvement of Arabs To ensure that the force is accepted and is effective Muslim and Arab governments should provide troops for it with a strict mandate to protect civilian lives. To ensure that the force is accepted and is effective Muslim and Arab governments should provide troops for it with a strict mandate to protect civilian lives. Arab states must commit funds to support AMIS in the shorter term as agreed in the Arab League summit March 2006 – so far only $15m of the pledged $150m has been given to the AU. Arab states must commit funds to support AMIS in the shorter term as agreed in the Arab League summit March 2006 – so far only $15m of the pledged $150m has been given to the AU.

43. Long Term Supporting reconciliation and a longer term peace process Supporting reconciliation and a longer term peace process Muslim and Arab Governments should play a more active role in developing and supporting a comprehensive and inclusive peace process for all parties. They should engage neutral parties such as South Africa to facilitate the process. Muslim and Arab Governments should play a more active role in developing and supporting a comprehensive and inclusive peace process for all parties. They should engage neutral parties such as South Africa to facilitate the process.