1. Emotional Development
Exploring Emotions
Development of Emotion
Temperament
Attachment and Love

2. Exploring Emotions
What Are Emotions?
Feeling or affect in a state or interaction characterized by:
Behavioral expression
Conscious experience
Physiological arousal
Functionalist View of Emotion:
Individuals’ attempts to adapt to specific contextual demands
Relational
Linked with an individual’s goals
Nature of goal can affect experience

3. Developing Emotional Regulation
Exploring Emotions
Developing Emotional Regulation
As one ages or matures:
Regulation shifts from external sources to internal resources.
Cognitive strategies for regulation and ability to shift focus increase.
Ability to effectively cope with stress increases.
Develop greater capacity to modulate emotional arousal.
More adept with age at selecting and managing situations, relationships.

4. Development of Emotion
Early emotions:
Present in humans and other animals
Appear in first six months of life
Surprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
Self-conscious emotions:
Appear in first 18 months to 2 years
Acquire and use society’s standards and rules
Empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment

5. Infant Crying Basic cry:
Development of Emotion
Infant Crying
Basic cry:
Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of cry, briefer silence, shorter inspiratory whistle, and brief rest.
Anger cry:
Similar to basic cry, linked to exasperation or rage, with more excess air forced through vocal chords.
Pain cry:
Sudden appearance of loud crying, no preliminary moaning; stimulated by high-intensity stimulus.

6. Infant Smiling Reflexive smile:
Development of Emotion
Infant Smiling
Reflexive smile:
Does not occur in response to external stimuli.
Occurs during first month after birth, usually during sleep.
Social smile:
Response to external stimulus.
Occurs about 2 or 3 months of age.
Typically in response to a face.

7. Fear First appears about 6 mos.; peaks at 18 mos.
Development of Emotion
Fear
First appears about 6 mos.; peaks at 18 mos.
Stranger anxiety — infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; intense between 9 and 12 mos.
Separation protest — crying when caregiver leaves; peaks about 15 months of age

8. Early Childhood Young children experience many emotions
Development of Emotion
Early Childhood
Young children experience many emotions
Self-Conscious Emotions
Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
First appear about age 18 months
Ability to reflect on emotions increases with age

9. Developmental Changes In Emotions During Middle and Late Childhood
Development of Emotion
Developmental Changes In Emotions During Middle and Late Childhood
Increased emotional understanding
Increased tendency to take fuller account of events leading to emotional reactions
Develops capacity for genuine empathy
Marked improvements in ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings

10. Adolescence Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly.
Development of Emotion
Adolescence
Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly.
Emotional changes instantly occur with little provocation:
Girls more vulnerable to depression
Adolescent moodiness is normal
Hormonal changes and environmental
experiences involved in changing
emotions

11. Changes in Positive & Negative Emotion Across the Adult Years
Development of Emotion
Changes in Positive & Negative Emotion Across the Adult Years

12. Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Development of Emotion
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Older adults become more selective about their social networks:
Place a high value on emotional satisfaction and maximize positive emotional experiences
Spend more time with familiar individuals providing rewarding relationships
Seek more emotion-related goals than knowledge-related goals

13. Model of Socio-emotional Selectivity
Development of Emotion
Model of Socio-emotional Selectivity

14. Temperament
Temperament
Easy child: Positive mood; quickly establishes routines; adapts easily to new experiences.
Difficult child: Reacts negatively; cries frequently; has irregular routines; slow to accept new experiences.
Slow-to-warm-up child: Low activity level; somewhat negative; shows low adaptability; displays low-intensity mood.

15. Developmental Connections
Temperament
Developmental Connections
Child
Adult
Easy temperament
Good adjustment
Difficult temperament
Adjustment, school, and marital problems
Inhibition
Low assertiveness, job and school delays
Good emotional control

16. Theories of Attachment
Attachment and Love
Theories of Attachment
Attachment — close emotional bond between two people
Social orientation and understanding-
Face-to-face play for infants and caregivers
Locomotion enables infant independence
Goal-directed behaviors indicate intentions
Social referencing for reading emotional cues
Freud — infants attach to person or object providing oral satisfaction
Harlow’s study proved otherwise
Erikson — first year of life is key time for attachment development
Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations
Bowlby — stresses importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver

17. Individual Differences and the Strange Situation
Attachment and Love
Individual Differences and the Strange Situation
Ainsworth’s measure of infant attachment to caregiver:
Requires infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions
Some infants have more positive attachments than others
Baby’s Attachment
Caregiver Behavior
Secure
Sensitive to signals, available
Avoidant
Unavailable or rejecting
Resistant
Inconsistent
Disorganized
Neglect or physically abuse

18. Attachment Categories
Attachment and Love
Attachment Categories
Caregiver is secure base to explore environment from
Securely attached
Shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Insecure avoidant
Clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness
Insecure resistant
Shows insecurity by being disorganized, disoriented
Insecure disorganized

19. Child Care Many parents worry about child’s care.
Attachment and Love
Child Care
Many parents worry about child’s care.
About 2 million children currently receive formal, licensed child care.
More than 5 million children in kindergarten.
Types of child care vary extensively in U.S.
Five types of parental leave from work
Maternity leave
Paternity leave
Parental leave
Child-rearing leave
Family leave

20. Variations in Child Care
Attachment and Love
Variations in Child Care
Factors influencing effects of child care:
Age of child
Type of child care
Quality of program
Mother’s employment in first year may have negative effect
Types vary by ethnicity and social class
National longitudinal study results:
Patterns of use: infants placed sooner
Quality of care: lower for low-income families
Amount of child care: extensive time lessened attachment sensitivity to mother, more behavioral issues
Family and parenting influences are important

21. Adolescence Attachment to parents:
Attachment and Love
Adolescence
Attachment to parents:
Secure attachment to both parents positively related to peer and friendship relations
Dismissing/avoidant attachment: de-emphasize importance due to caregiver rejection
Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment: insecure adolescent due to inconsistent parenting
Unresolved/disorganized attachment: insecure adolescent, high fear due to traumatic experiences

22. Dating and Romantic Relationships
Attachment and Love
Dating and Romantic Relationships
Dating scripts:
Cognitive models that guide dating interactions
Males are proactive, females are reactive
Males seek physical attraction, females seek interpersonal qualities
Dating involvement linked to later adjustment

23. Age of Onset of Romantic Activity

24. Romantic Love Also called passionate love or Eros:
Attachment and Love
Romantic Love
Also called passionate love or Eros:
Complex intermingling of emotions.
Strong components of sexuality and infatuation.
Often predominates early part of a love relationship.
Affectionate love or companionate love:
Have deep, caring affection for person.

25. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
Attachment and Love
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
Passion: physical, sexual attraction
Intimacy: warmth, closeness, and sharing
Commitment: intent to remain together