1. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT10
A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
Emotional Development
John W. Santrock

2. Emotional Development
Exploring Emotions
Development of Emotion
Temperament
Attachment and Love

3. Exploring Emotions
What Are Emotions?
Feeling or affect in a state or interaction characterized by
Behavioral expression
Conscious experience
Physiological arousal
Positive and negative expressions

4. What Are Emotions? Facial expressions of basic emotions
Exploring Emotions
What Are Emotions?
Facial expressions of basic emotions
Biological nature; same across cultures
When, where, and how to express emotions are not culturally universal
Biological roots…but shaped by culture and relationships

5. A Functionalist View of Emotion
Exploring Emotions
A Functionalist View of Emotion
Individuals’ attempts to adapt to specific contextual demands
Relational
Linked with an individual’s goals
Nature of goal can affect experience

6. Development of Emotion
Emotional Regulation
Effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal
Involves state of alertness or activation
States can be too high for effective functioning

7. Developing Emotional Regulation
Exploring Emotions
Developing Emotional Regulation
As one ages or matures:
Regulation shifts from external sources to internal resources
Cognitive strategies for regulation and ability to shift focus increase
Ability to effectively cope with stress increases
Develop greater capacity to modulate emotional arousal
More adept with age at selecting and managing situations, relationships

8. Emotional Competence Skills
Exploring Emotions
Emotional Competence Skills
Being aware of own emotional states and those of others
Using appropriate emotional vocabulary
Having empathic and sympathetic sensitivity to others’ experiences
Seeing self as feeling like one wants to feel
Understanding inner emotional states and outer expressions may not correspond
Adaptively coping with negative emotions
Being aware that emotional expression plays major role in relationships

9. Early Developmental Changes In Emotions
Development of Emotion
Early Developmental Changes In Emotions
Primary emotions
Present in humans and other animals
Appear in first six months of life
Surprise, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust
Self-conscious emotions
Appear in first 18 months to 2 years
Acquire and use society’s standards and rules
Empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment

10. Infant Crying Basic cry Anger cry Pain cry
Development of Emotion
Infant Crying
Basic cry
Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of cry, briefer silence, shorter inspiratory whistle, and brief rest
Anger cry
Similar to basic cry, linked to exasperation or rage, with more excess air forced through vocal chords
Pain cry
Sudden appearance of loud crying, no preliminary moaning; stimulated by high-intensity stimulus

11. Infant Smiling Reflexive smile Social smile
Development of Emotion
Infant Smiling
Reflexive smile
Does not occur in response to external stimuli
Occurs during first month after birth, usually during sleep
Social smile
Response to external stimulus
Occurs about 2 or 3 months of age
Typically in response to a face

12. Fear First appears about 6 mos.; peaks at 18 mos.
Development of Emotion
Fear
First appears about 6 mos.; peaks at 18 mos.
Stranger anxiety — infant’s fear and wariness of strangers; intense between 9 and 12 mos.
Affected by social context, stranger’s characteristics
Individual variations
Separation protest — crying when caregiver leaves; peaks about 15 months of age

13. Separation Protest in Four Cultures
Development of Emotion
Separation Protest in Four Cultures
Fig. 10.3

14. Development of Emotion
Social Referencing
“Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation
Ability improves in second year of life
Many 14- to 22-month-olds look at mother’s face as source

15. Emotional Regulation and Coping
Development of Emotion
Emotional Regulation and Coping
Infants use self-soothing strategies for coping
Later in infancy, attention is redirected or infant uses distraction to cope
By age 2, toddlers use language
Contexts influence emotional regulation

16. Early Childhood Young children experience many emotions
Development of Emotion
Early Childhood
Young children experience many emotions
Self-Conscious Emotions
Pride, shame, and guilt
First appear about age 2½
Gender and behavioral differences exist
Ability to reflect on emotions increases with age
Emotional regulation affects peer relations

17. Developmental Changes In Emotions During Middle and Late Childhood
Development of Emotion
Developmental Changes In Emotions During Middle and Late Childhood
Increased ability to understand pride and shame
Increased awareness that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation
Increased tendency to take fuller account of events leading to emotional reactions
Marked improvements in ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings

18. Adolescence Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly
Development of Emotion
Adolescence
Time of emotional turmoil but not constantly
Emotional changes instantly occur with little provocation
Girls more vulnerable to depression
Adolescent moodiness is normal
Hormonal changes and environmental experiences involved in changing emotions

19. Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions by Adolescents and their Parents
Development of Emotion
Self-Reported Extremes of Emotions by Adolescents and their Parents
Fig. 10.6

20. Adulthood Adapt more effectively when emotionally intelligent
Development of Emotion
Adulthood
Adapt more effectively when emotionally intelligent
Developmental changes in emotion continue through adult years
Older adults have more positive emotions, report better control of emotions

21. Changes in Positive & Negative Emotion Across the Adult Years
Development of Emotion
Changes in Positive & Negative Emotion Across the Adult Years
Fig. 10.7

22. Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory
Development of Emotion
Socio-emotional Selectivity Theory
Older adults become more selective about their social networks
Place a high value on emotional satisfaction and maximize positive emotional experiences
Spend more time with familiar individuals providing rewarding relationships
Seek more emotion-related goals than knowledge-related goals

23. Model of Socio-emotional Selectivity
Development of Emotion
Model of Socio-emotional Selectivity
Fig. 10.8

24. Temperament
Temperament
Individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of emotional response
Closely linked to personality
Rothbart and Bates’ Classification
Extraversion urgency
Negative affectivity
Effortful control (self-regulation)

25. Chess and Thomas’ Classification
Temperament
Chess and Thomas’ Classification
Three basic types or clusters
Easy child: positive mood; quickly establishes routines; adapts easily to new experiences
Difficult child: reacts negatively; cries frequently; has irregular routines; slow to accept new experiences
Slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level; somewhat negative; shows low adaptability; displays low-intensity mood

26. Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition
Temperament
Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition
Differences between children
Shy, subdued, and timid
Sociable, extraverted, bold
Inhibition shows considerable stability from infancy through early childhood

27. Biological Foundations and Experience
Temperament
Biological Foundations and Experience
Physiological characteristics are associated with different temperaments
Heredity is aspect of temperament’s biological foundations
Attributes become more stable over time as self-perceptions, behavioral preferences, and social experiences form personality

28. Developmental Connections
Temperament
Developmental Connections
Child
Adult
Easy temperament
Good adjustment
Difficult temperament
Adjustment, school, and marital problems
Inhibition
Low assertiveness, job and school delays
Good emotional control

29. Developmental Contexts
Temperament
Developmental Contexts
Gender may be important factor that influences fate of temperament
Many aspects of child’s environment encourage or discourage persistence of temperament characteristics
Goodness of Fit
Match between child’s temperament and environmental demands

30. Parenting and Child’s Temperament
Some temperament characteristics pose more challenges than others
Management strategies that worked for one child may not work for next one
Be sensitive to individual characteristics of child
Structure the child’s environment to provide as good a fit as possible with child’s temperament
Avoid labeling as “difficult child”

31. Theories of Attachment
Attachment and Love
Theories of Attachment
Attachment — close emotional bond between two people
Freud — infants attach to person or object providing oral satisfaction
Harlow’s study proved otherwise

32. Theories of Attachment
Attachment and Love
Theories of Attachment
Erikson — first year of life is key time for attachment development
Sense of trust or mistrust sets later expectations
Bowlby — stresses importance of attachment in first year and responsiveness of caregiver
Four phases of attachment in first 2 years

33. Individual Differences and the Strange Situation
Attachment and Love
Individual Differences and the Strange Situation
Ainsworth’s measure of infant attachment to caregiver
Requires infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions
Some infants have more positive attachments than others

34. Attachment Categories
Attachment and Love
Attachment Categories
Caregiver is secure base to explore environment from
Securely attached
Shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Insecure avoidant
Clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness
Insecure resistant
Shows insecurity by being disorganized, disoriented
Insecure disorganized

35. The Significance of Attachment
Attachment and Love
The Significance of Attachment
Secure attachment in first year is important foundation for psychological development
Some developmentalists believe too much emphasis on attachment bond in infancy
Ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant’s world
Ignores that infants are highly resilient and adaptive

36. Caregiving Styles and Attachment Classification
Attachment and Love
Caregiving Styles and Attachment Classification
Baby’s Attachment
Caregiver Behavior
Secure
Sensitive to signals, available
Avoidant
Unavailable or rejecting
Resistant
Inconsistent
Disorganized
Neglect or physically abuse

37. Cross-Cultural Comparison of Attachment
Attachment and Love
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Attachment
Fig

38. Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers
Attachment and Love
Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers
Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities
Feeding
Changing diapers
Bathing
Paternal interactions more likely to include play, engage in rough-and-tumble acts

39. Child Care Many parents worry about child’s care
Attachment and Love
Child Care
Many parents worry about child’s care
About 2 million children currently receive formal, licensed child care
More than 5 million children in kindergarten
Types of child care vary extensively in U.S.

40. Child Care Five types of parental leave from work
Attachment and Love
Child Care
Five types of parental leave from work
Maternity leave
Paternity leave
Parental leave
Child-rearing leave
Family leave
Sweden has most extensive leave policies

41. Child Care Child care strategies for parents
Attachment and Love
Child Care
Child care strategies for parents
Quality of parenting is key to child’s development
Make decisions that enhance being good parents
Monitor child’s development
Take time to find the best child care
Child care may harm some children more than others

42. Adolescence Attachment to parents
Attachment and Love
Adolescence
Attachment to parents
Secure attachment to both parents positively related to peer and friendship relations
Dismissing/avoidant attachment: de-emphasize importance due to caregiver rejection
Preoccupied/ambivalent attachment: insecure adolescent due to inconsistent parenting
Unresolved/disorganized attachment: insecure adolescent, high fear due to traumatic experiences

43. Dating and Romantic Relationships
Attachment and Love
Dating and Romantic Relationships
Types of dating and developmental changes
Dating scripts
Cognitive models that guide dating interactions
Males are proactive, females are reactive
Males seek physical attraction, females seek interpersonal qualities
Emotion and romantic relationships
Sociocultural contexts and dating

44. Age of Onset of Romantic Activity
Fig

45. Attachment in Adulthood
Attachment and Love
Attachment in Adulthood
Adults count on romantic partners to be a secure base to which they can return and obtain comfort, security in stressful times
Infant attachment style often reflected in adult partnership

46. Romantic Love Also called passionate love or eros
Attachment and Love
Romantic Love
Also called passionate love or eros
Complex intermingling of emotions
Strong components of sexuality and infatuation
Often predominates early part of a love relationship
Affectionate love or companionate love
Have deep, caring affection for person

47. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
Attachment and Love
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Love
Theory that love includes three types
Passion: physical, sexual attraction
Intimacy: warmth, closeness, and sharing
Commitment: intent to remain together

48. Sternberg’s Triangle of Love
Fig

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