1. What is morphology? The study of internal structure of words
The rules for combining morphemes into words

2. What do you know when you know a word?
“bagonize”
“to wait anxiously for your bag at the airport carousel”
Pairing sounds with meaning
Information in our mental dictionary (lexicon) for each word:
Pronunciation—[bægәnayz]
Meaning

3. Grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective , adverb, preposition etc
He bagonized for a long time.
*The bagonize is gone

4. What is a morpheme? The smallest meaningful unit of language
It cannot be further analyzed into smaller meaningful parts
It has a relatively stable meaning

5. Examples:
Talk
Talks = talk + s
Talked = talk + ed
Talking = talk + ing
Teach
Teachers = teach + er + s
Teaches = teach + es
Teaching = teach + ing

6. Different types of morphemes
Free morphemes:
Mouse car book man girl

7. Bound morphemes:
re- in remove
-ive in active
-ous in famous
pre- in premature

8. Root/stem: the basic or the core form in a word with more than one morpheme
demoralize
de + moral + ize
Moral is a root/stem

9. Affixes: bound morphemes that are not a root/stem
Prefixes: affixes that precede a root
de- in demoralize
in- in incurable

10. Isthmus Zapotec, a language spoken in Mexico:
zigi “chin” kazigi “chins”
zike “shoulder” kazike “shoulder”
diaga “ear” kadiaga “ears”
ka + zigi
ka- (a prefix)

11. Suffixes: affixes that follow a root
-ize in demoralize
-ed in walked

12. Turkish:
dur “to stop” durak “stopping place”
bat “to sink” batak “sinking place” (swamp)
dur + ak
-ak (a suffix)

13. Infixes: affixes inserted inside the root
 Tagalog, one of the languages spoken in the Phillipines:
basa “to read” bumasa “Read!”
tawag “to call” tumawag “Call!”
sulat “to write” sumulat “Write!”

14. Circumfixes (discontinuous) : affixes placed around the root

15. Inflectional: affixes that mark general grammatical meanings (plural, tense, gender, comparison)
Derivational: affixes that often change category (part of speech)

16. Content and function morphemes
Content morphemes:
express informational content
Independent of the grammatical system of a language
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Cups, red, jump, slowly

17. Open-class morphemes Nuke, dork, jerk,
New morphemes can be easily added to this class
Nuke, dork, jerk,

18. Function morphemes
express syntactic relationships between elements in a sentence

19. Prepositions: on, in, at, with, from
Pronouns: he, she, her, him, my
Articles: the, a, an
Conjunctions: and, but, because, unless
Jumped off a wall
John and Mary
They love their cats
John likes a woman
John like a woman
John likes woman

20. Closed-class morphemes—essentially closed to new members

21. Lewis carroll’s “Jabberwocky” ‘Twas brillig and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogroves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

22. Inflectional morphology:
Creates the forms of the same word
Generally productive
Generally regular
Provides grammatical information (person, number, gender, case, tense)

23. Talk remove blog
Talks removes blogs
Talked removed blogged
Talking removing blogging  

24. Talk eat go am
Talks eats goes is
Talked ate went was
Talked eaten gone been
Talking eating going being

25. Derivational affixes:
Creates new words but retain the syntactic category
-hood added to a noun creates a noun
child, childhood
woman, womanhood
priest, priesthood

26. -ster added to a noun creates a noun
gang, gangster
prank, prankster

27. Derivational affixes change lexical (syntactic) category change:
solid solidify adjective  verb
govern government verb  noun
sublime sublimity adjective  noun
fame famous noun  adjective

28. Some derivational affixes in English:
-ive added to a verb to give an adjective
  act active
sedate sedative
re- added to a verb to give a verb
move remove
do redo

29. -al added to a noun to give an adjective
universe universal
institution institutional
-en added to an adjective to make a verb
red redden
light lighten
dark darken

30. de- added to a verb to make verb
moralize demoralize
toxify detoxify

31. Irregular: ate and gone are irregular forms—some relation to the basic sounds of the root.
Suppletion: a special kind of irregularity—no relation between the root and the irregular form
Went and am, is, was
Good, better, best
Bad worse

32. Person: 
Present tense:
Person Singular Plural
1 ‘I eat’ ‘We eat’
2 ‘you (sg.) eat’ ‘you (pl.) eat’
3 ‘he, she eats’ ‘they eat’

33. Number:
Nepali:
manche ‘man’ mancheharu ‘men’
keta ‘boy’ ketaharu ‘boys’

34. Gender:
Spanish:
un amigo americano ‘An American friend (male)’
una amiga americana ‘an American friend (female)”

35. Nepali:
ramro keta
beautiful boy
“a beautiful boy”
ramri keti
beautiful girl
“a beautiful girl”

36. Case:
Indicates noun’s relation to verbs (subject, direct object, indirect object)
John gave Mary his sister’s old bicycle.
jonle merilai usko didiko purano saikal diyo

37. ramle harilai kitab diyo
ram-sub hari-obj book gave
Ram gave a book to Hari.

38. guma ‘man’
singular plural
subject guma guman
possessive guman gumena
indirect object guman gumum
direct object guman guman

39. Tense:
usle bhat khancha
He-subj rice eat-third person present tense
‘He eats rice.’
usle bhat khayo
eat-third person past tense
‘He ate rice.’

40. usle bhat khanecha
eat-third person future tense
‘He will eat rice.’

41. Hierarchy of morphemes in the formation of words:
 Words are constructed hierarchically
One affix is attached to the root first
Derivational morphemes attach before inflectional ones
*highesness
highnesses

42. unusable
unlockable
uncontrollably
recyclable
multigenerationally

43. How do we identify the lexical categories of words?
Three criteria:
Morphological
Syntactic
Meaning

44. Morphological criterion:
What inflectional affixes can a word take?
Noun?
boy boy + s -s  ‘plural’
diamond + s
disappears + s -s  ‘third person singular’
*beautifuls

45. Syntactic criterion:
the boy
a boy
my boy
My beautiful boy
*my beautiful
*my quickly

46. Meaning criterion:
Person, place or thing

47. Verbs?
Morphological criterion:
jump + ing
jump + s
*desking

48. Syntactic criterion:
will jump
may jump
Jump!
*may desk *Desk!

49. Meaning criterion:
Names an action

50. Adjectives?
Morphological criterion?
tall + er
tall + est
*jumpest *deskest *desker

51. Syntactic criterion:
very tall
more/most beautiful
*very desk *very jump

52. Meaning criterion:
Describes a noun

53. Adverbs?
garbage category?
Morphological criterion:
fast + er fast + est

54. Syntactic criterion:
Movement
He thought about the project carefully.
Carefully he thought about the project.
He carefully thought about the project.

55. Types of morphological systems
Isolating morphology:
Words are single morphemes
No derivational and inflectional morphology
Chinese and Vietnamese are good examples

56. Agglutinating morphology
Words have bound morphemes
 Words can be easily broken into distinct morphemes

57.  Inflectional morphology
Words consist of several morphemes
Words cannot be segmented easily into distinct morphemes
Latin, Sanskrit, and Greek

58. Word-formation processes
Compounding
Olive oil  
credit card
 French history teacher
Government document shredder

59. Compounds:
Newar :
jaki-cu
rice dust
rice flour
kala-bhata
wife husband
‘couple’

60. Reduplication:
 dhecula dhedhecula
‘to lean’ ‘to stagger’

61. ko ‘crow’
koki ‘crow and similar other things’
la ‘water’ 
lali ‘water and similar other things’
ho ‘hole’ 
hohi