1. Neurobiology I – Bio 334 Suhita Nadkarni (suhita@iiserpune.ac.in) Raghav Rajan (raghav@iiserpune.ac.in)raghav@iiserpune.ac.in Monday – 10:30 – 11:25 am Thursday – 2:30 – 3:25pm 01st August 20131 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

2. What is neurobiology? Scientific study of the nervous system (Wikipedia) Many different sub-areas and sub- categories 01st August 20132 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

3. Why study neurobiology? Men ought to know that from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joy, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs and tears - Hippocrates (400 BC) If our brains were simple enough for us to understand them, we’d be so simple that we couldn’t - Ian Stewart (mathematician) 01st August 20133 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

4. History of Neuroscience Gives an interesting perspective 01st August 20134 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

5. Early neurosurgery - Trephination or Trepannation – as early as 6500 BC Skulls discovered in France had holes in them (about 40/120) To treat injuries, migraines, epilepsy, etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanning 01st August 20135 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

6. Ancient Egyptians did not consider the brain important Yet, early references to the brain by them in 1700 B.C. Possibly by Imhotep (Mummy fame!), great Egyptian surgeon References in the Edwin-Smith surgical papyrus of patients http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html 01st August 20136 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

7. Case 6: A gaping wound in the head, fracture of the skull and opening of the meninges. This case describes the: 1.Convolutions of the brain - the author of the papyrus describes these "like those corrugations which form molten copper." This most likely refers to the wrinkled appearance of the brain created by the gyri and sulci of the brain. "Corrugations" of the Brain 2.Meninges (coverings of the brain) - described as the membrane enveloping the brain. "Membrane" enveloping the Brain 3.Cerebrospinal fluid - described as the fluid in the interior of the head. "Fluid" in the Interior of the Head Case 6 was "An ailment not to be treated." http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/papy.html 01st August 20137 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

8. Ancient Greeks divided in their opinion Mind-body dualism The mind and body are separate What is mind? No matter. What is matter? Never mind. – George Berkeley (Irish philosopher) 01st August 20138 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience

9. Brain or cephalocentric hypothesis started around ~550 B.C. Pythagorus, Alcmaeon of Croton Studied vision Concluded that the eyes are light bearing paths to the brain Eyes have light (phospenes) and water (dissection) 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 9 http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.html

10. Hippocrates – theory of humors Human beings have a soul and a body Body made up of 4 substances or humors Balance of the humors is important for good health 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 10 http://www.hormones.gr/17/article/article.html

11. Hippocrates like Alcmaeon believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence Seat of intelligence Controller of senses, emotion, movement, etc…. (the works) Correctly diagnosed epilepsy, etc. as disorders of the brain Also recognised that paralysis occurred on the side opposite to the side with damage 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 11 http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdf

12. Aristotle turns the clock back – “learning by heart” Heart is the seat of intelligence Brain, lungs are all for cooling the heart REASONS – Heart develops first – Is present in all organisms – Is connected to all senses 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 12 http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_95-1.pdf

13. Galen – puts us back on course Very interesting observations Sensory fibres – softer – for sensory experience Motor fibres - firmer – for action Similarly – cerebrum is soft and so is sensory Cerebellum – hard – must control motor function Cerebrum – soft, can be moulded – must therefore store memories Three lefts make a right and A few wrongs can also make a right! 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html

14. Brain and nerves – part of a larger plumbing system controlled by the pineal gland Animal spirit (liquid + air) Brain a large clot of phlegm Described ventricles in great detail 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 14 http://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/Evolution/Unit10Background/GalenPhysio.html

15. Cell doctrine – ventricles and intelligence Nemesius and St. Augustine (130 – 200 A.D.) Anterior ventricle – “common sense” Middle ventricle – action Posterior ventricle - memory 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 15 http://schatz.sju.edu/neuro/nphistory/nphistory.html http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html

16. Andreas Vesalius, using anatomy discredited the ventricular theory Other mammals like the ass have the same organisation Ventricles store animal spirits 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 16 http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html

17. Descartes – Pineal gland controls all the plumbing Small filaments that can be controlled by external stimuli 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 17 http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html

18. Pineal gland controls sleep and waking by controlling the flow of animal spirits 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 18 http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/history/mind-history_i.html

19. A lot of careful anatomy, observations of white matter, gray matter, etc. 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 19

20. Luigi Galvani - bioelectricity 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 20 http://electricityrit.blogspot.in/2783/02/frog-legs-galvanis-research-into.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Galvani

21. Localization of function within the brain - Phrenology Frafz Josef Gall Bumps on the head related to various functions 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 21 http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.html http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/phrenology.htm

22. Purkinje cells – described by Purkinje 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Purkinje http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkinje_cell

23. Flourens – uniform function throughout brain Through ablations suggested that the whole brain was equivalent 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 23 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html

24. Broca – localized function returns Wernicke supports idea Broca’s aphasia – patient could only say “Tan” Wernicke’s aphasia – patient spoke nonsense 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 24 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html

25. Localization set in stone – Broadmann areas 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 25 http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Brodmann_Areas.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann

26. Golgi and Cajal – the neuron doctrine – Nobel prize in 1906 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 26 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal

27. Penfield – homunculus – Grandmother cell 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 27 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/courses/1010/mangels/neuro/history/history.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield http://teddysratlab.blogspot.in/2011/07/curious-things-we-learned-from-epilepsy.html

28. And now – Karl Deisseroth – optogenetics Science fiction becomes reality 01st August 2013 Bio 334 - Lecture 1 - History of Neuroscience 28