1. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Introduction Various aspects of human nature –Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness Neuroscience –Study of the brain The Society for Neuroscience

2. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece –Correlation between structure and function –Hippocrates Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence

3. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire –Views of Greek physician Galen: Localization of function Cerebrum  Sensation Cerebellum  Motor Ventricles  ‘Communicating’ fluids

4. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain: The Renaissance –Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function –Philosophical mind-brain problem

5. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain: The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries –Gray matter and white matter

6. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain: Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century –Gyri, sulci, and fissures

7. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century –Central subdivision: brain and spinal cord –Peripheral division: network of nerves coursing through the body

8. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century –Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity –Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions

9. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Localization of Function in the Brain –Charles Bell Cerebellum: Origin of the motor fibers Cerebrum: Destination of sensory fibers –Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens Experimental ablation method

10. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Localization of function from brain injury/stroke Example: Phineus Gage

11. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) –Paul Broca Discrete region of the human cerebrum for speech

12. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Localization of Function in the Brain –Franz Joseph Gall Phrenology: Bumps on the surface of skull reflect brain surface and related personality traits

13. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Localization of Function in the Brain (Cont’d) –Regional specialization in different species

14. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Evolution of the Nervous System –Natural selection –Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms –Rationale for “animal models”

15. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain –Cell theory –Cells –Nerve cells

16. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroscience Today Reductionist approach –Levels of analysis Molecular Cellular Systems Behavioral Cognitive

17. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Concluding Remarks Goal of neuroscience:To learn how the nervous system functions –Brain’s activity reflected in behavior –Computer-assisted imaging techniques –New treatments for nervous system disorders –Non-invasive methods –Experiments in live tissue

18. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of presentation

19. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Origins of Neuroscience Prehistoric ancestors –Brain vital to life Skull surgeries –Evidence: Trepanation –Skulls show signs of healing Views of ancient Egypt –Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head)

20. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

21. Neuroscience Today The Neuroscientist -Education, Training, Research experience -Clinical vs. Experimental research

22. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroscience Today Scientific Process –Observation –Replication –Interpretation –Verification

23. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroscience Today The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research –Animals: Renewable natural resources –The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans Examples (from simple to more complex) - nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc.

24. Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Neuroscience Today The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders