1. Chapter 1 Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future

2. Introduction Various aspects of human nature
Curiosity, pain, pleasure, movement, reasoning, learning, memory, emotion, and madness
Neuroscience
Study of the brain
The Society for Neuroscience

4. Prehistoric ancestors
Brain vital to life
Skull surgeries
Evidence: Trepanation
Skulls show signs of healing
Views of ancient Egypt
Heart: Seat of soul and memory (not the head)

5. Views of the Brain: Ancient Greece
Correlation between structure and function
Hippocrates
Brain: Involved in sensation; seat of intelligence

6. Hippocrates (460-379 B.C.E.) – first ascribed to the brain the role of the organ of sensation.

7. Aristotle ( B.C.E.) – felt the heart was the center of intellect and believed the brain was more a “radiator” to cool the body.

8. Galen ( A.D.) – Greek physician who tried to deduce function of the brain from structure of the cerebrum and cerebellum. He put forth a model for brain function that was the start of the fluid-mehcanical theory.

10. Views of the Brain: The Roman Empire
Views of Greek physician Galen
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Ventricles

11. Views of the Brain: The Renaissance
The brain as a machine
Fluid-mechanical theory of brain function
Philosophical mind-brain problem

12. Andreas Vesalius – publishes On the Workings of the Human Body in 1543

14. Another example of one of his drawings.

15. Rene’ Descartes – ( ) one of the most important Western philosophers and scientists who promoted the idea of the brain function occurring via the fluid-mechanical theory

18. Benjamin Franklin publishes Experiments and Observations on Electricity in His notions on electricity paved the way for a new theory of neural function.

19. These two researchers were responsible for determining the interaction
Luigi Galvani
Emil du Bois-Reymond
These two researchers were responsible for determining the interaction
between electricity and the brain.

21. Francois Magendie
Charles Bell
These two conducted experiments that answered the question on whether the movement in a nerve was bidirectional or unidirectional.

22. Views of the Brain: The Nineteenth Century
Nerve as wires, understanding of electrical phenomena, nervous system can generate electricity
Bell and Magendie: Dorsal and ventral roots carry information in opposite directions

23. Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) was the founder of phrenology.

25. Gall described the concept of phrenology.
Franz Joseph Gall
Paul Broca
Gall described the concept of phrenology.
Broca first identified a region of the cerebrum being associated with function.

28. Charles Darwin – his theory of natural selection helped to explain the growth and development of the brain.

30. Evolution of the Nervous System
Natural selection
Nervous systems of different species may share common mechanisms
Rationale for “animal models”

31. Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory…
Theodor Schwann proposed the cell theory…. ALL TISSUES ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS

32. Otto Deiters (1865) – identified the major parts of the neuron and predicted the communication and interactionbetween the axon and dendrites.

34. Neuroscience Today Reductionist approach Levels of analysis Molecular
Cellular
Systems
Behavioral
Cognitive

35. Levels of Analysis can be applied to Neuroscience

37. The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research
Animals: Renewable natural resources
The more basic the process under investigation, the more distant the evolutionary relationship with humans
Examples (from simple to more complex) - nematodes, insects, snails, squid, rodents, monkeys, etc.
Animal rights
Philosophy
Abolition of animal use
Animal rights activists

38. The Neuroscientist
-Education, Training, Research experience
-Clinical vs. Experimental research

40. The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders