1. Find Someone Who…………
Goal = get as many signatures as possible! (1 person can only sign up to 2 times on your sheet)

2. What do you know??
Write a definition of anatomy and physiology (two separate definitions).

3. TSWBAT define anatomy and physiology and sub-divisions.
Objectives: Lesson 1
TSWBAT define anatomy and physiology and sub-divisions.
TSWBAT evaluate how anatomy and physiology are closely related.

4. the study of the structure and shape of the body
Overview of Anatomy
Anatomy is………….
the study of the structure and shape of the body
Includes both internal and external structures of the body

5. Andreas Vesalius- Father of Human Anatomy
A Belgian physician, Andreas Vesalius, was the first to dissect human bodies to study anatomy.
He wrote a book on human anatomy in This book was the first accurate description of the interior of the human body.

6. II. Microscopic Anatomy
2 Main Divisions of Anatomy
I. Gross Anatomy
Concerned with those structures in the body large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
II. Microscopic Anatomy
A microscope or magnifying instrument is used to see very small structures in the body.

7. Surface – the study of general form and superficial markings
Forms of Gross Anatomy
Surface – the study of general form and superficial markings
Regional – focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body (head, neck, trunk)
Systematic – study of the structure of organ systems (skeletal system)
Developmental – describes the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
Clinical – subspecialties in clinical practice (surgical anatomy)
Systematic – organ systems (skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular)
Developmental ie: embryology – the study of the developmental processes that occur in the first two months of development
Clinical – surgical

8. Subdivisions of the Study of Anatomy: Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology – study of the cell (simplest units of life)
Cells are the simplest units of life
Cells are composed of chemical substances in various combinations, and our lives depend on the chemical processes occurring in the trillions of cells in our body
Tissues – group of specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions
Histology – study of tissues

9. Physio = nature Ology = the study of
Physiology
Physiology - the study of the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level.
Physio = nature Ology = the study of
Functions are complex and more difficult to examine than most anatomical structures

10. Sub-groups of Physiology Considers the operation of specific organ systems Cardiovascular physiology is the study of? Neurophysiology is the study of? Renal physiology is the study of? Respiratory physiology is the study of? Pathophysiology is the study of? Exercise physiology is the study of?
Cardio- study of heart function; Neuro – study of brain function; Renal – study of kidney function; Respiratory – study of lung function; Patho – study of the effects of diseases on organs and system functions ; Exercise – study of exercise effects on systems

11. Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology are always related
All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
Structure therefore, determines function
Example:
A loss of a particular cell type brings on diabetes.
Diabetes effects the system (Anatomy) and the
function (Physiology).
Doctor physical – Anatomy or Physiology??
Examples of anatomy – examination
Physiology – ask questions, observe movements, listening to sounds, taking temp/bp/pulse, blood and urine tests

12. Real world application – doctor visit
Physicians normally use a combination of anatomical, physiological, chemical, and psychological information when they evaluate a patient
When a patient presents symptoms; the physician will look at the structures affected (Gross anatomy)
Collect a fluid or tissue sample (Microscopic anatomy)
Evaluates your physiological processes by asking questions

13. Anatomy and Physiology Relationship
An anatomist and a physiologist are asked to examine a car and report their findings. What would an anatomist do? What would a physiologist do?
Anatomist – measure and photograph the parts of the car; take it apart and put it back together; explain its structural relationships (cylinders, pistons, wheels)
Physiologist – note relationships among the components (how the transmission conveys a motion to the axles and wheels so that the car moves)

14. Ticket out
Describe how anatomy and physiology are closely related? How are they different? Use an example of an electronic device in your rationale.

15. Introduction to Anatomy – Lesson 2
TSWBAT list the levels of structural organization.

16. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical (or molecular level)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

17. Levels of Structural Organization
1. Chemical – Atoms (smallest stable units of matter) combined to form molecules (complex shapes of two or more atoms).
2. Cellular – Molecules interact to form organelles. Organelles are components of cells (smallest living units in the body.
Even at the simplest level; form determines function (the functional properties of a particular molecule are Examples of tissue – cardiac muscle cells
3. Tissue – Groups of similar cells that have a common function. (example – cardiac muscle cells)

18. Levels of Structural Organization
4. Organ – A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body (example – cardiac muscle tissue).
5. Organ System – A group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose (example – cardiovascular system; heart, blood, blood vessels).
Organ example – cardiac muscle tissue in combination with connective tissue form the wall of the heart
Organ system example – cardiovascular system (blood, heart, blood vessels)

19. Levels of Structural Organization
6. Organism – Made up of the organ systems. Highest level of structural organization (example – human).

20. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules 2
Atoms 1
Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
Smooth muscle tissue
Heart 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Epithelial tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Blood vessel (organ) 6
Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems
Connective tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
Figure 1.1

21. Hand in Homework – Folder on counter
Anatomy –
Hand in Homework – Folder on counter
Read Cell Article (do not write on)

22. 4. How are organs and tissues different?
1. Two or more atoms join together to form what organizational structures?
2. Which levels of structural organization are you unable to see with your naked eye?
3.Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?
4. How are organs and tissues different?
1. Molecules ; 2. Chemical and Cellular; 3. Organ 4. Organs are composed of 2 or more types of tissue and tissues are like cells that perform a common function

23. Intro to Anatomy – Lesson 3
TSWBAT to identify the 11 body systems and define the functions and components of each system.

24. Organ Systems of the Body - Skeletal
Protects body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Forms blood cells
Stores minerals (calcium)
Composed of: bones, cartilage, ligaments, and bone marrow

25. Organ Systems of the Body – Nervous
Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities of organ systems
Interprets sensory information
Composed of: the brain, spinal cord, sense organs and nerves

26. Organ Systems of the Body - Lymphatic
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Defends against infection and diseases
Composed of: thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

27. Organ Systems of the Body - Muscular
Provides movement
Support
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
Composed of: muscles and tendons

28. Organ Systems of the Body- Integumentary
Protects
Helps regulate body temperature
Provides sensory information
Composed of: the skin, sweat glands, hair, and nails

29. Organ Systems of the Body - Digestive
Breaks down food into absorbable units
Absorbs and conserves water
Stores energy reserves
Composed of: the oral cavity, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

30. Organ Systems of the Body – Endocrine System
Not connected anatomically in the same way that parts of other organ systems are.
Regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.
Composed of: Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Testis (male), Ovary (female)

31. Organ Systems of the Body - Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Produces sound for
communication
Composed of: the nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, larynx and lungs

32. Organ Systems of the Body - Cardiovascular
Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Composed of: the heart, blood, and blood vessels

33. Organ Systems of the Body- Urinary
Eliminates wastes from the body
Maintains the electrolyte balance and regulates the acid-base balance of the blood.
Organ Systems of the Body- Urinary
Composed of: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

34. Organ Systems of the Body Female Reproductive
Main function is the production of offspring
Composed of: mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

35. Organ Systems of the Body Male Reproductive
Main function is the production of offspring
Composed of: epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and vas deferens

36. System Cooperation Body systems must work together for
humans to function properly:
EX #1 – Integumentary system & Skeletal
System…The skin protects all organs &
bones, and also produces vitamin D. Vitamin D
is used for proper absorption of calcium.
Calcium is needed for proper bone
growth/development. Not enough Vitamin D, not
enough Calcium absorbed  weak/broken bones!

37. EX #2: Respiratory system & Circulatory
System Cooperation
EX #2: Respiratory system & Circulatory
system: Lungs take in oxygen in exchange for
carbon dioxide. Alveoli in the lungs give
oxygen to red blood cells (hemoglobin) to carry
to all parts of the body for respiration. If alveoi
are affected, not enough oxygen is taken in and
respiration slows  decrease in the amount of
energy produced

38. Organ Systems Don’t Work Alone
The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes waste gases.
The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering the oxygen to all parts of our bodies.

39. Organ Systems Interrelationships
Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems
Figure 1.2

40. Create Want Ad CHOOSE A BODY SYSTEM
 WRITE EITHER A “FOR SALE” OR “WANTED TO BUY” AD FOR THAT SYSTEM.
 AD MUST INCLUDE PURPOSE/FUNCTION AND PARTS OF THE SYSTEM.
 WRITE IN AD FORMAT (25 +/- WORDS IN LENGTH)
Grading: Content = 15 pts (Purpose, Function & Parts); Creativity = 5 pts

41. Survival Need or Necessary Life Function?
Metabolism Nutrients Reproduction Oxygen Water Maintaining Boundaries Excretion
Normal Body Temperature Responsiveness Atmospheric Pressure Movement Growth Digestion

42. Intro to Anatomy – Lesson 4
TSWBAT identify the eight necessary life functions and five survival needs that are necessary for an organism to sustain life.

43. Necessary Life Functions and Survival Needs
Organisms must be able to carry out various functions in order to maintain life.
If any of these necessary functions are disrupted, the organism may not survive.
Organisms have several survival needs that must be present in order to sustain life.

44. Necessary Life Functions I
Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.
A. Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes
B. Organismal level – accomplished by the integumentary system

45. Necessary Life Functions I
2. Movement – locomotion, propulsion , and contractility
I.E: All of the activities promoted by the muscular system as well as the movement of substances such as blood, food, and urine.

46. Necessary Life Functions I
3. Responsiveness (Irritability) – the body’s ability to sense changes in its environment and then react to them
I.E. If you touch a hot burner you will involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus (fire).
I.E. When the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood rises to dangerously high levels, your breathing rate speeds up to blow off the excess carbon dioxide.

47. Necessary Life Functions I
Digestion – breakdown of ingested food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
Metabolism – refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. Regulates the ability to convert nutrients to energy.
6. Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
7. Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels
Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells that may be used for body growth or repair
Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
8. Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism

48. Chemical substances used for energy and cell building. 2. Oxygen
5 Survival Needs – The goal of all body systems is to maintain life. Several factors need to be available for this to occur.
1. Nutrients
Chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
2. Oxygen
Needed for metabolic reactions (human cells can only survive for a few seconds without it).

49. 5 Survival Needs
3. Water
Provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions. Accounts for percent of body weight.
4. Normal body temperature
Necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates. For good health, body temperature must be maintained at or around 98 degrees.

50. 5 Survival Needs
5. Atmospheric pressure Required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.

51. Check Point:
1. Having a fever, high blood pressure, or low blood sugar are all examples of what process being out of balance?
2. Reproduction can occur on two levels, they are?
3. The ability to keep the “inside” inside and the “outside” outside is an example of which necessary life function?
4. What is needed for metabolic reactions to occur?
5. What survival need provides energy for the body?

52. 2. Cellular or organismal 3. Maintenance of boundaries 4. Oxygen
Answer to checkpoint
1. Responsiveness
2. Cellular or organismal
3. Maintenance of boundaries
4. Oxygen
5. Nutrients

53. Intro to Anatomy – Lesson 5
TSWBAT to define homeostasis and explain negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

54. Homeostasis
Homeostasis - the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
Maintaining homeostasis is absolutely vital to an organism’s survival; failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or even death.

55. STRESS!!! Homeostasis is disrupted by… Stress can be ANY change in the
environment!
Both the nervous system & endocrine
systems work to maintain homeostasis in
the body.

56. Homeostatic Regulation
Adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
Two general mechanisms are involved in homeostatic regulation:
1. Autoregulation – occurs when a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change.
2. Extrinsic regulation – results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system; they control or adjust the activities of many other systems

57. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
If a variable produces a change in the body, control mechanisms are activated to regain homeostasis.
Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis and is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems.
The three interdependent components of control mechanisms are:
Receptor
Control center
Effector

58. Receptor – The first component
A sensor that monitors and responds to changes (stimuli) in the environment
Responds to stimuli by sending information to the control center (second component)
Example: Thermometer of your thermostat of your AC/Heat source in your home

59. Control Center – Second Component
Determines:
A) Set point at which the variable is to be maintained
B) Analyzes the information it receives
C) Determines the appropriate response or course of action
Example: Thermostat

60. Effector – Third component
Provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus (cell or organ). Responds to the commands of the control center.
The results of the response then feedback to influence the stimulus either by:
1) Depressing it (negative feedback) so that the whole control mechanism is shut off.
-Or-
2) Enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the reaction continues at an even faster rate.

62. FEEDBACK LOOP
CONTROL CENTER
RECEPTOR
EFFECTOR
STIMULUS
RESPONSE

63. Negative Feedback
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are: negative feedback mechanisms
A way for counteracting an effect
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.
Negative feedback regulates:
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Breathing rate
Blood levels of glucose
Body temperature

64. Negative Feedback System
Mechanism that receives a stimulus and reverses its effect to maintain equilibrium
Negative does NOT mean that it is “bad” for the body
NFB systems are the most common homeostasis measures used
EX: Stimulus – cold temperature  message is sent to the brain (hypothalamus)  response – shivering; muscles contract to produce heat

65. Shiver Increase Body Temp
NEGATIVE FB LOOP
Brain
Skin Cells
Muscles in the Skin
Drop in Temp
Shiver Increase Body Temp

66. Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5

67. Regulation of blood clotting
Positive Feedback
In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Examples:
Regulation of blood clotting
Child birth
Figure 1.6

68. Positive Feedback System
Mechanism that receives a stimulus and enhances its effect
Positive does NOT mean that it is always “good” for the body
In the human body, only 2 PFB systems are helpful
(1) Release of oxytocin (hormone) during pregnancy/childbirth
(2) Increased blood flow to injury site

69. Increased Blood Flow to
Positive FB Loop
Brain
Blood Vessels Dilate &
Increase Blood Flow
Heart & Blood Vessels
Paper Cut
Increased Blood Flow to
Form a Scab!

70. Homeostatic Imbalance
Homeostasis is so important that if the body’s normal equilibrium is not corrected, illness occurs.
Feedback mechanisms may be overwhelmed or may be not functioning correctly (diabetes, clotting disorders)
Disorder – Any derangement or abnormality of function.
Disease – More specific term for illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
This is called homeostatic imbalance.

71. Check Point
1. What two organ systems are largely responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
2. What is the name for the body structure that responds to the control center signal in a feedback system?
3. Create and explain an example of negative feedback within the human body. Not one that has already been discussed in class.

72. 1) Nervous and endocrine systems 2) Effector
Answers to Check Point
1) Nervous and endocrine systems
2) Effector

73. At the clinic
A jogger has stepped in a pothole and sprained her ankle. What systems have suffered damage?
A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a developmental disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?

74. Answers to at the clinic
1. Skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, integumentary, and nervous systems.
2. The need for nutrients and water.