1. Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1 Introduction

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: the study of the structure of the body
Physiology: the study of how living things perform various functions of life.
* This course will examine the anatomy and physiology of the human body.

3. Microscopic Anatomy:
Dealing with individual molecules and biochemistry.
Cytology:
Structure of cells
Histology:
Studies how specialized cells work together to form tissues.
Gross Anatomy: of organs
Regional anatomy: specific region of body.
Systemic anatomy: major organ systems.
Cell Physiology:
Function of organelles
Organ Physiology:
Cardiac physiology
Renal physiology
Systemic Physiology:
Respiratory physiology: study of the respiratory organ system
Pathological Physiology:
Study of disease with its physiological effects of body systems.

4. Levels of Organization
Chemical or Molecular Level
Cellular Level of Organization: organelles
Tissues: several types of tissues will join together to form…
Organs: e.g. Stomach, liver, gall bladder will join together to form…
Organ systems: all the organ systems together make up…
Organism: highest level of living organization.

5. Organ System Groups
Organ systems of the body have been classified into eleven groups

6. Integumentary Major Organs Major Function Skin Hair follicles
Sweat glands
nails
Major Function
Protection from:
Environmental hazards
Moisture
Temperature control

7. Skeletal Major organs Major Function Bones Cartilage Bone marrow
Support and protection of:
Soft tissues
Locomotion
Mineral storage
Blood formation

8. Muscular Major organs Major Function Skeletal muscles Locomotion
Support
Heat production

9. Nervous Major Organs: Major Function Brain Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Major Function
Direction immediate response to stimulus
Coordinating activities of other organ systems

10. Endocrine Major Organs: Major Function:
Glands: pituitary, thyroid, etc.
Kidneys
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries
Major Function:
Directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
Hormone production

11. Cardiovascular Major Organs Major Functions: Heart Blood vessels Blood
Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes and gases.

12. Lymphatic Major Organs Major Function: Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Major Function:
Defense against infection and disease

13. Respiratory Major Organs Major Functions Lungs Nasal cavities Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi, alveoli
Major Functions
Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

14. Digestive Major Organs Major Function Salivary glands
Pharynx, esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Large intestine
Major Function
Processing of food and absorption of nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water

15. Urinary Major Organs Major Function Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder
Urethra
Major Function
Elimination of excess water, salts and waste products

16. Reproductive Major Organs Major Function Testes and accessory organs
Penis
Scrotum
Uterus
Ovaries
Mammary glands
Major Function
Production of sex cells and hormones

17. Homeostasis
Existence of a stable internal environment which allows the organism to survive
Disease: failure to maintain homeostasis
Adjustments that preserve homeostasis are called:
Homeostatic Regulation

18. Homeostatic Regulation
1. A stimulus is received by a receptor
2. The information is carried from the receptor to a control center which interprets the stimulus and sends information through…
3. an effector which in turn carries that information to target organs and tissues which…
4. do something in response to the initial stimulus.

19. Homeostatic Mechanisms (both are automatic)
AUTOREGULATION
Changes occur automatically when there is environmental variation
Example: when cells in the blood need more oxygen they chemically dialate the blood vessels in that area.
EXTRINSIC REGULATION
Nervous system or endocrine system controls or adjusts many different systems simultaneously.
Example: when you exercise: heart rate increases, blood flow is reduced to inactive organs (digestive system)

20. Homeostatic Reactions
Negative Feedback (Teeter Totter)
Triggers and automatic response that corrects a variation outside of normal limits.
Most homeostatic reactions involve negative feedback.
Example: body temperature

21. Homeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback (Domino Effect)
Triggers an automatic response that REINFORCES a stimulus.
Not as common
Example: labor and child birth