1. Unit 1: Water: Exploring Solutions
Miss Shuey
Chem Comm

2. Essential Questions What techniques can we use to purify water?
What are the physical properties of water?
Why do some substances readily dissolve in water and others do not?
How does chemistry contribute to effective water treatment?

3. Article review
Fish Kill Triggers Riverwood Water Emergency

4. Section A: Sources and uses of water
_________________________

5. A.4 water supply and demand
Family of four uses 390 gallons daily.
Direct water use – volume that can be directly measured.
Indirect water use – hidden uses of water that you may never have considered.
Ex. Slice of pizza??
Figure 1.12

6. A5. water use in the us
For each region in the US, name the greatest single use of water.
A. the east b. the south c. the midwest
D. the west e. alaska f. hawaii
Explain the differences in how water is used in the east and the west. Think about where most people live and where most of the nation’s factories and farms are located. What other regional factors help explain the general patterns of water use?
List two factors about the weather, economy, or culture that could explain the greatest water use within each of these six U.S. regions.

7. a.6 where is the world’s water?
97% of the world’s water.
Ocean
Glaciers

8. Physical states of water
Gaseous state: water vapor
Liquid state: lakes, rivers, oceans, clouds, and rain.
Solid state: ice

9. City water
Surface water: water supply originated in a river or other body of water.
Ground water: water in a well.

10. Rural water
Aquifer: water-bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel, then pumped to the surface.

11. A.8 RIVERWOOD WATER USE Pg.22

12. Scientific Method
Hypothesis – testable statement controls – remain constant variable – is changed Model – explanation of how phenomena occur and how data or events are related. Theory – broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena.

13. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy – close to the expected value
Precision – a number of measurements close to each other.

14. What is more accurate? Graduated cylinder Or Beaker

15. Significant Figures Indicates how precise a measurement is. rule
example
1. Zeros between other nonzero digits are significant
50.3 m has three sig figs
B s has five sig figs
2. Zeros in front of nonzero digits are not significant.
0.892 kg has three sig figs
ms has one sig fig
3. Zeros that are at the end of a number and also to the right of the decimal are significant
57.00 g has four sig figs
B kg has seven sig figs
4. Zeros at the end of a number but to the left of a decimal are significant if they have been measured or are the first estimated digit; if not they are NOT significant.
1000 m may contain from one to four sig figs, depending on the precision of the measurement, in this book it will be assumed there is one sig fig.
20 m has one sig fig (scientific notation will indicated sig fig number)

16. Rules for calculating with sig figs
Type of calculation
Rule
example
Addition or subtraction
When measurements are added or subtracted, the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement
97.3 
Round off
Multiplication or division
The final answer has the same number of sig figs as the measurement having the smallest number of sig figs.
123 x
 658

17. Sig fig practice
Perform these calculations following the rules for sig figs.
26 x = ?
15.3 / = ?
= ?
= ?

18. SI unit – measurements in science
SI unit – measurements in science. Volume Density – m/v A sample of aluminum metal has a mass of 8.4g. The volume of the sample is 3.1 cm3. calculate the density of aluminum.

21. Dimensional analysis – math technique that allows you to use units to solve problems involving measurements.

22. Section b Article reading B.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass.
Physical properties: observed and measured without changing the substance.
Density – mass of material within a given volume.
D = m/v

23. Water properties Freezing point – 0 C when liquid water forms a solid.
Aqueous solution – water-based solution.
Important aqueous solutions in your life:
____________________

24. b.3 mixtures and solutions
Mixture – when two or more substances combine and retain their individual properties.
Heterogeneous (suspension)
Homogeneous (solution)
Solute
Solvent
Pg.30

25. b.4 Particulate view of water
Particulate level – at the level of its atoms and molecules.
Atoms – building blocks of matter.
Element – matter made up of only one type of atom.
Compound – composed of the atoms of two or more elements bonded together in fixed proportions.
Ex.

26. Chemical formulas – representing compounds or elements, showing ratios of how they bond.
Ex.
Substance – element or compound with uniform and definite compositions.
Molecule – smallest unit of a molecular compound that retains the properties of that substance.

27. b.5 pictures in the mind
Macroscopic – large-scale, easily observed without microscopes or other tools.
Models – representations of atoms and molecules.
Pg.33 ques. 1-7

28. b.6 symbols, formulas, and equations
Chemical symbols – letters to represent element.
Periodic table of the elements – arrangement of elements according to the number of protons.

29. Common elements
Aluminum Al Hydrogen H Bromine Br Iodine I Calcium Ca Iron Fe Carbon C Lead Pb Chlorine Cl Magnesium Mg Cobalt Co Mercury Hg Copper Cu Nickel Ni Fluorine F Nitrogen N Gold Au Oxygen O Phosphorus P Potassium K Silver Ag Sodium Na Sulfur S Tin Sn

30. What element is this?
K potassium

31. What element is this?
Al aluminum

32. What element is this?
Br bromine

33. What element is this?
Ca calcium

34. What element is this?
C carbon

35. What element is this?
Cl Chlorine

36. What element is this?
Co Cobalt

37. What element is this?
F Fluorine

38. What element is this?
Au Gold

39. What element is this?
H Hydrogen

40. What element is this?
I Iodine

41. What element is this?
Fe Iron

42. What element is this?
Pb Lead

43. What element is this?
Mg Magnesium

44. What element is this?
Hg Mercury

45. What element is this?
Ni Nickel

46. What element is this?
N Nitrogen

47. What element is this?
O Oxygen

48. What element is this?
P Phosphorus

49. What element is this?
Ag Silver

50. What element is this?
Na Sodium

51. What element is this?
S Sulfur

52. What element is this?
Sn Tin

53. What is the atomic number?
O – Oxygen 8

54. What is the atomic number?
C – Carbon 6

55. What is the atomic number?
H – Hydrogen 1

56. What is the atomic number?
Au – Gold 79

57. What is the atomic number?
N – Nitrogen 7

58. b.8 Electrical nature of matter
Electrons – negatively charged particles
Protons – positively charged particles, in nucleus
Neutrons – neutral particles, in nucleus

59. b.9 ions and ionic compounds
Ions – electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms.
Ionic compounds – substances composed of positive and negative ions
Cation – positive ion Na+
Anion – negative ion Cl-
Polyatomic ion – ion consisting of a group of bonded atoms

60. b.11 water testing Precipitate – insoluble material in water.
Qualitative test – looking at non numerical descriptions.
Quantitative tests – numerical data.

61. Ionic compounds
Metal + nonmetal

62. b.12 pure and impure water Pg. 45
Gases in atmosphere dissolve in water, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide
46-47 Read

63. Sec. c investigating the cause of the fish kill
Solubility – substance that will dissolve in water.
Saturated – maximum quantity of a substance that will dissolve in a quantity of water.
What effects solubility?

64. Solubility curve – relationship between temperature and solubility

65. Unsaturated solution – solution that contains less dissolved solute than the amount that the solvent can normally hold at that temperature.
Supersaturated solution – unstable solution that contains more solute than could usually be dissolved at that temperature.
Ex. Rock candy (pg.55)

66. c.4 dissolving ionic compounds
Form ions in water
Polar molecule – electrons are not evenly distributed throughout its structure.
Partial positive region and partial negative region.
Ex. water

68. Diatomics Reactant and Products are shown in chemical equations
Reactant are the substances that are used to make a chemical reaction
               Products are substances produced by the reaction
                Na + Cl --->   NaCl
                reactant  --> products
Diatomic Molecules - some elements bond to themselves, 
like H2
GEN-U-INE diatomic molecules U should remember that the diatomic molecules all end in -GEN or -INE
(or  H N F O I C B )
       H2    N2   F2     O2  I2   Cl2   Br2

69. c.8 inappropriate heavy-metal ion concentrations?
Essential Metal Ions:
Iron(II) Fe2+
Potassium K+
Calcium Ca2+
Magnesium Mg2+
Heavy-metal ions – atoms have greater masses than those of essential metallic elements, harmful to humans and other organisms.
Lead Pb2+ -bind to proteins in biological systems,
Hg2+ prevents proteins from performing their
normal task.

70. Heavy metal harm
Damage to the nervous system, brain, kidneys, and liver, which can even led to death.
They become concentrated within the bodies of fish and shellfish.
Costly to remove
Hard to detect
Prevention: using alternate materials in industry. Called Green Chemistry

71. Lead Ions (Pb2+) Latin name – plumbum
Plumber – water pipes in ancient Rome were commonly made of lead.
Used in:
Pottery, automobile electrical storage batteries, solder, cooking vessels, pesticides, and paints
Many were replaced with iron, copper or plastic materials.
1970s lead was added to gas to produce a better-burning automobile fuel. Released in atmosphere.

72. Mercury Ions Hg2+ Liquid at room temp
Latin name = hydrargyrum, quicksilver or liquid silver
Uses:
Electrical conductor, thermometers, thermostats, hats, light bulbs, pesticides
Vapor is hazardous, absorbed through skin

73. Chemical Poster

74. C.9 inappropriate ph levels
pH – measure and report the acidic, basic, or chemically neutral character of a solution.
Range =
Neutral = 7
7> acidic
7<basic (alkaline solutions)
1pH unit = tenfold difference in acidity or alkalinity
pH 3 soft drinks, pH 2 lemon juice
Lemon juice is 10 time more acidic than soft drinks.

75. Litmus paper Indicator to show level of acidity or alkalinity.
Blue – basic
Red – acidic
Acidic and basic solutions conduct electricity.
What does this tell you?
Ions present in the solution.
Acids – release H+ ions
Bases – release OH- ions

76. Neutral substances Sucrose, sodium chloride solutions = neutral
Low pH in streams
Fish-egg development is impaired
Increase the concentrations of metal ions by leaching metal ions from surrounding soil.
High pH in streams
alkaline solutions are able to dissolve organic materials, including skin and scales

77. EPA requirements Drinking water be within the pH range of 6.5 – 8.5
Fish can tolerate 5.0 – 9.0
Did the pH change to kill all the fish?

78. C.10 inappropriate molecular substance concentrations
Molecular substances – composed of molecules not ions.
Molecular substances can be harmful for aquatic life.
Examples: ethanol C2H5OH, succinic acid C4H6O4, carbon dioxide CO2, oxygen gas O2
What determines the solubility of a molecular substance in water?
Distribution of electrical charge within molecules.
Electronegativity – ability of an element’s atoms to attract shared electrons when bonding within a compound.  causes e- to be unevenly distributed among the atoms.

79. Polar molecule Negative and positive side of a molecule.
“like dissolves like”
Polar dissolves polar
Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar
Ex. Oils, soaps  soap attracts oils

80. c.11 solvents
Soluble – will dissolve
Insoluble – will not dissolve

81. c.12 inappropriate dissolved oxygen levels?
As temperature goes up less oxygen is dissolved.
Gas solubility in water is directly proportional to the pressure of that gaseous substance on the liquid.
Increase in water temperature affects fish by decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water and by increasing the oxygen consumption of fish.