1. AP European Chapter 24
Angelica Youwakim, Jimmy Myers, Jamie Collo, Mike Dominguez, & Ashley Hunter

2. The New Reading Public
Mass reading public came into existence=people became literate
Government began to finance education (1860s)
Hungary- 1868
Britain- 1870
Switzerland- 1874
Italy- 1877
France-1878 to 1881
Prussia- 1871

3. By 1900 Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, and Scandinavia 85 percent or more people could read
Italy, Spain, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Balkans had illiteracy rates between percent
School teaching profession grew rapidly
Major area for women employment
By World War I more attention was given to secondary education
Reading material for the mass audience became available
Mail order catalogs and libraries grew
A. Le petit Journal (of Paris)
B. Daily Mail
Daily Express (London)

4. Science at Midcentury Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science
1. Auguste Comte-French philosopher
Developed positivism
Positivism- a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science
The Positive Philosophy ( )
3 stages of human thought
Theological stage
Metaphysical stage
Positive stage
Worked to gain government support of scientific research and to include science in the schools and universities
Germany-Earnst Heckel
Britain-Thomas Henry Huxley

5. Darwin’s Theory Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species (1859)
Carried the mechanical interpretation of physical nature into the world of living things
Natural Selection-the principle of survival of the fittest
The Descent of Man (1871)-Darwin applied the principle of evolution by natural selection to human beings
Both books are very controversial because it went against the church
Science and Ethics
Philosophers applied the concept of the struggle for survival to human social relationships
Social Darwinism- Evolutionary ethics
Thomas Huxley- the great defender of Darwin

6. Christianity and the Church Under Siege
Many European intellectuals left the faith
The secular, liberal nation-states attacked the influence of the church
A. Intellectual Skepticism
1.History
A. The Life of Jesus- By david Friedrich Strauss; he questioned whether the Bible provides any genuine historical evidence about Jesus
Julius Wellhausen, in Germany; Erst Renan in France and William Robert Smith in Great Britain contended that human authors had revised the books of the Bible with problems with Jewish society and politics in mind

7. 2. Science
A.Undermined Christianity
B. William Paley’s- “Natural Theology”
C. Geology of Charles Lyell Suggested earth is much older than the Biblical records contend
D. proposed religious sentiments are another set of natural phenomena
3. Morality
A. questioned morality of the New Testament God
B. Friedrich Niezsche- portrayed Christianity as a religion glorifying weakness rather then the strength life required
C. Christianity lost much of its intellectual respectability
B. Conflict between Church and State ( primary conflict was over education)
1. Great Britain
A. a rivalry between the Anglican church and the state; and between Anglican Church and nonconformist denominations
B. Education Act of Provided state support for both religious and non religious schools but imposed some standards on both

8. 3. Germany and the Kulturkampf
2. France
A. Conservative French Catholic Church and 3rd republic hated each other
B. Jules Ferry sponsored a series of educational laws set forth; number of public schools expanded and members of religious orders could no longer teach them
C Napoleonic concordat was terminated and church and state separated
3. Germany and the Kulturkampf
A. German Catholic hierarchy wanted freedom for the churches guaranteed in the constitution
B. Bismarck set education under state control
C. “May Laws” of 1873 required priests to be educated in German schools and pass exams
D. Legislation abolished power of the pope and by 1876 Bismarck had arrested and expelled all Catholic priests from Prussia
E. In the end Bismarck’s “KulturKampf” against the Catholic Church failed

9. Continued Section: Christianity and the church under siege
Areas of Religious revival
The German Catholic resistance to the intrusions of the secular state shows the catholic faith is very much alive in this period of intellectual and political hardship for the church
The Anglican Church and other religions of Great Britain expanded and raised vast sums for new churches and schools
Ireland Saw a catholic devotional revival in the 1870s
Priests in France organized a pilgrimage for the repentance of sin; they saw France’s defeat to Prussia as a punishment for their sins.
The last ½ of the 19th century witnessed the final push to Christianize Europe; it failed only because the population had outstripped the resources of the churches
The vitality of the church accounts for the intense hostility to their enemies

10. The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World
Most striking feature of the Christian religious revival was the resilience of the papacy
The hope for a liberal pope ended when Pope Pius IX fled the turmoil in Rome During November 1848
Launched a counter offensive against liberalism; this was caused by the Italian unification.
Pius IX issued the syllabus of Errors
Issued in 1864
Set the Catholic Church against contemporary science, Philosophy, and Politics
The Pope Summoned the First Vatican council in 1869
The council promulgated the dogma of papal infallibility when speaking officially on matters of faith and morals
No other pope has done so
The First Vatican Council ended in 1870 with the Italian Troops
occupying Rome at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War.
Territory now only Vatican City
Papacy made no formal accommodation to the Italian state until 1929
The Spiritual authority replaced the political authority of the papacy
Pope Leo XIII sought to make accommodations to the modern age
Most Important pronouncement was the Rerum Novarum
Defended private property, religious education, and religious control on marriage laws
Condemned Socialism and Marxism, but believed in fair treatment of workers
Cathollic Trade unions sprung up all over Europe
Pius X sought to end modern thought and revert to traditional devotional life.
Between , he condemned Catholic modernism, and in 1910 required all priest take anti-modernist oaths
The struggle between church and modern thought resumed.

11. Islam and Late 19th Century European thought
European thinkers felt that Islamic culture made it impossible for modernization
Muslims felt the opposite; they could modernize as good if not better than Europeans
Christian Missionaries failed at converting Muslims traditionally, so they established Hospitals and schools to convert Muslims
While this did not convert many Muslims, It did enlighten some; They produced some of the leaders of the Middle East
Areas under the Ottoman Empire were exposed to and were open to modern ideas; while other areas that were farthest from European influence were filled with religious opposition toward modern ideas.