1. Chemistry in Biology
Mr. Wagner
Biology

2. Chapter 6.1 Vocabulary Atom Compound Electron Element Nucleus Neutron
Proton

3. Chapter 6 Notes Atoms, Elements & Compounds Chemical Reactions
Water & Solutions
The Building Blocks of Life

4. Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes
Atoms, Elements & Compounds

5. What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
All organisms in Biology are made up of matter.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.

6. Atoms, Elements & Compounds
Hierarchy of Chemistry:
Atoms  Matter  Organisms
The Structure of Atoms
Electrons constantly move around an atom’s nucleus in energy levels.
The basic structure of an atom is the result of the attraction between protons and electrons.
Atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons, so the overall charge of an atom is zero.

7. Basic Structure of Atoms
ELECTRON e-
PROTON
NEUTRON
NUCLEUS e- e- P+ N0 e-

8. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
Protons are positively charged particles
Neutrons are particles that have no charge
The nucleus is the center of the atom consisting of protons and neutrons

9. Atoms, Elements & Compounds
There are over 100 known elements, 92 which occur naturally.
Each element has:
Atomic mass
Unique name
Unique symbol
All elements make up the periodic table.
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

10. Periodic Table Horizontal rows  Periods Vertical columns  Groups
Categorized by similar chemical & physical properties.

11. Atoms, Elements & Compounds
Pure substances formed when 2 or more different elements combine.
Two rules about compounds:
1. Combine in a fixed ration
2. Chemically/physically different than what they combine with.
Cannot tear or crush compounds back into their previous element unless the compound undergoes a chemical reaction.

12. Checkpoint
What compound forms when combining H+ (hydrogen) and O2 (oxygen)?
H2O, water
What compound forms when combining Na (Sodium) and Cl- (chlorine)?
NaCl, sodium chloride, table salt
What compound forms when combining C (carbon) and 4 H+ (hydrogen) molecules?
CH4, methane

13. Page 155 Question 2
After the textbook questions are done, write your summary. 3-5 sentences in length.

14. Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes
Chemical Reactions

15. Chapter 6.2 Vocabulary
Catalyst
Chemical Reaction
Enzyme

16. Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions are processes by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are re-organized into different substances.
This occurs by way of chemical reactions.
Examples– photosynthesis, cellular respiration
Structure of chemical reactions:
Reactants  Products
A + B  AB

17. Balancing Chemical Reactions
Due to the fact that matter cannot be created nor destroyed:
The number of atoms each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side.
The number of atoms of each element in a molecule is found on the subscript # to the right of each element. O2

18. Checkpoint Balance the following equation:
C6H12O6 + __ O2  __ CO2 + __ H2O
Rules: count how many molecules you have each side of the equation.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Reactants
Products
C- 6
H-12
O-8 C- H- O-

19. Chemical Reactions Some chemical reactions require activation energy.
This is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.

20. Enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts, which are substances that lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.
Substrates and enzymes bind together allowing the reaction to take place.
W/out an enzyme
Activation Energy
W/an enzyme

21. Chapter 6.2 Assessment ?’s PUT WITH YOUR NOTES!!!
On page 160 answer questions 1-4. Please write out the question.
NOW make sure you have 4 ?’s on the left side excluding your checkpoint ?’s and assessment ?’s.
FINALLY you can write your summary, it must be 5 sentences in length.

22. Chapter 6 Section 3 Notes
Water & Solutions

23. Chapter 6.3 Vocabulary Hydrogen Bond Solution Acid Base pH WORD
DEFINITION
PICTURE—COLORED
Chapter 6.3 Vocabulary
Hydrogen Bond
Solution
Acid
Base pH

24. Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of 2 or more substances that retain their individual characteristics & properties.
Solute (solid substance)
Solute + Solvent  Solution
Solvent (liquid substance)

25. Types of Mixtures Forms 1 uniform solution.
Homogeneous
(Solutions)
Heterogeneous
(Suspensions)
Forms 1 uniform solution.
Forms a colloid— doesn’t settle together.

26. Checkpoint Give an example of a homogeneous solution. Salt Water
Give an example of a heterogeneous solution.
Chocolate chip cookie, salad with all the fixings, blood etc.
Kool-Aid is made by mixing the contents from the package, sugar and water. Identify the solutes and the solvent.
Solutes: Kool-Aid mix and sugar
Solvent: Water

27. Acids & Bases Acids release H+ ions when dissolved in H2O
Bases release OH- ions when dissolved in H2O
Measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH.

28. Chapter 6 Section 4 Notes
The Building Blocks of Life

29. Chapter 6.4 Vocabulary Macromolecule Polymer Carbohydrate Lipid
Protein
Amino Acid
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide

31. Atoms! The Structure of Atoms
Electrons constantly move around an atom’s nucleus in energy levels.
Atoms have several layers of electrons called “shells”. Different numbers of electrons can fit into each shell.

32. 1st level is smallest, can only hold 2 e-
2nd level can hold 8 e-
3rd level can hold 18 e-
Atoms fill up the first levels with electrons and then go into next

34. Can I get your (atomic) number baby?
Elements are arranged on the periodic table by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus.

35. Checkpoint
In pairs, tell me the atomic number of hydrogen, helium, and carbon. Look to your left for clues. Write your answer of your whiteboards.
How many electrons do hydrogen, helium, and carbon have?
Write your answer on your whiteboards.

39. Carbon Carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.
For this reason, life on earth is often considered carbon-based!
The half-filled outer shell allows for the formation of straight chains, branches and rings. The different shapes make it able to form lots of different things.

41. Macromolecules
Large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules (monomers) into chains.
Polymers are large molecules made up of repeating identical segments of monomers

42. Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid

43. Carbohydrate Compounds made of C, H, and O, usually seen as (CH2O)n .
N indicates the number of compounds that are connected.
The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars) that contain 3 to 7 compounds and:
Polysaccharides that contain 8 or more compounds.
Examples include glycogen which can be broken down into glucose. (Found in liver & skeletal muscles)
Other examples include: Chitin which plays a structural role in crustaceans.

44. Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
FILL IN
Nucleic Acid
Lipid

45. Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Monosacc-harides
Store energy/ used for structural support in cells
Glucose
Nucleic Acid
Lipid

46. Lipids
Lipids are biological molecules made mostly of C and H; fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids
Lipids are composed of fatty acids, glycerol and other components. Most are insoluble (do not dissolve in water – think of oil and water).
Organisms needs lipids in order to function properly.
Phospholipids
Responsible for the function and structure of the cell membrane.
Hydrophobic—do not dissolve in water.
Steroids
Cholesterol and hormones

47. Saturated & Unsaturated

48. Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
FILL IN

49. Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
Fatty acids
Store energy
Provide barriers
Fats, Oils and Waxes

50. Proteins
A protein is a compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids.
Amino acids are small compounds that are made of C, N, O, H and sometimes S.
Amino Acids
There are 22 different types of amino acids.
3-D protein structure
The # of amino acids in a chain and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure.
Connected by peptide bonds.
Protein Function
Make up 15% of your total body mass and are involved in nearly every function of your body.
Examples: muscles, skin and hair and enzymes.

51. Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
FILL IN
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid

52. Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Amino acids
Transport substances
Speed up reactions
Structural support
Enzymes
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Lipid

53. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleotides are small repeating units that make up nucleic acids.
Nucleotides are composed of C, N, O, P and H.
There are 6 major nucleotides all contain a phosphate, nitrogenous base and a ribose sugar.
Two major types of nucleic acids that store genetic information:
DNA—deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA—ribonucleic acid
Another major nucleotide is ATP, which is a storehouse of chemical energy that can be used by cells to carry out chemical reactions.

54. Checkpoint (COPY TO WB!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
FILL IN
Lipid

55. Pair Checkpoint (COPY TO NOTES!)
Macro-
molecule
Building Block
Function
Example
Protein
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Store & communicate genetic information
DNA
RNA
Lipid

56. Practice!
In pairs, answer #’s on page I will call on pairs to give their answers.

57. Macro- molecule Building Block Function Example Protein Nucleic Acid
Amino Acids
Transport substances
Speed up reactions
Structural support
Enzymes
Carbohydrate
Monosacc-harides
Store energy/ used for structural support in cells
Glucose
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Store & communicate genetic information
DNA
RNA
Lipid
Fatty acids
Store energy
Provide barriers
Fats, Oils and Waxes