1. Failed invasion into Canada. Blockade hurt US economy…
WAR OF 1812
US unprepared for war.
Failed invasion into Canada.
Blockade hurt US economy…

2. The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
US military victory led by General William H. Harrison
Tecumseh was killed during this battle

4. Naval Battles
The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war
After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours”
Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat
US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

7. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812
Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the British destroyed it.
Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

8. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WAR OF 1812
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

9. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814
Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… Francis Scott Key

10. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

12. Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time
BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
Considered greatest U.S. victory to that time
Defeated British’s best without help from any country
Countries gained respect for the U.S. after this battle.
Kept Louisiana Purchase under the control of the U.S.

13. The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814
Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace
A halt to the fighting
The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders
Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate

14. H A R T F O R D C O N V E N T I O N
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:
U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy
Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US
New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war
Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

15. H A R T F O R D C O N V E N T I O N
Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform:
Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress
restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto
2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could be admitted and war could be declared.
Abolish 3/5 clause, limit presidents to one term, prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state

16. The War’s Legacy U.S. gained the respect of other nations
U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a part of the British Empire
The Federalist party came to an end as a national force
Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South
Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe

17. The War’s Legacy
Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west.
More U.S. factories were built
War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would eventually become Presidents.
Growth of American nationalism
Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of Good Feelings”

18. OUTCOMES OF WAR OF 1812
The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,
“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they have always proved.

19. “National oneness” = Nationalism
MONROE'S PRESIDENCY
1. Served two terms: to 1825
Called the Era of Good Feelings
2. Unite the nation ”promote nationalism”
American System --- link the country together
Expansion of US
Rush/Bagot Treaty
Adams/Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase Treaty
3. Self Defense Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine, 1823
4. Sectional differences
Missouri Compromise
“National oneness” = Nationalism

20. President James Monroe
1817 TO 1825
UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL
Born in Virginia in 1758,
Attended the College of William and Mary,
Fought with Continental Army
Practiced law in Virginia.
Elected United States Senator
Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.
Elected President in 1816 and served from 1817 to 1825.
Era of Good Feelings
President James Monroe

21. Henry Clay’s American System
Congress’s attempt to unite the US
National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers.
1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation---
Provide economic growth
Americans buying American goods
American self-sufficiency.
Protective Tariff to promote infant industry
Tariff of 1816
2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy
Rechartered in 1816

22. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
1817 TO 1825
Spirit of Nationalism in US
patriotism or national oneness
Country is united, confident, and growing
, 9 states joined the original 13.
One political party---Republican party
Respect from Europe
Monroe first president to visit all states.
Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began.
But, time period was not free of problems.

23. Political Nationalism
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
Cultural Nationalism
Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism
Economic Nationalism
Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy AMERICAN SYSTEM
Political Nationalism
Movement to bring about the support for national government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

24. National Transportation system
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
National Transportation system
Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal improvements to unite the US
the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.
1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation
1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
The Land Act of 1820
gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash;
the West demanded transportation.

25. The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation

26. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
The Panic of 1819
Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation
Many state banks closed
The value of money fell
There were large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt
Depression was most severe in the West
The economic crisis changed many Western voters’ political outlook

27. Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry….
Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

28. Population shift from the east to the West
Reasons for
Westward Movement
Population shift from the east to the West
Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands
Land easy to obtain
Economic pressures
Improved transportation
Immigration

29. New Questions and Issues
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
New Questions and Issues
Greatest importance to western states were:
“Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the United States
Land made available at low prices by the government
Improved transportation
Westerners could not agree whether to permit slavery or exclude it

30. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)
Westward Expansion
Rush-Bagot Agreement ( )
Treaty with Great Britain
Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years
the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel
US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel
GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel

32. 49th Parallel Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain
Agreed to joint occupation

33. Westward Expansion Florida Becomes Part of US
After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty governing Florida
Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border
President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders
Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

34. Adams-Onis Treaty (1818) Westward Expansion Spain turned over
western Florida along with all to the east
Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
US agreed
to pay $5 million to Spain
to give up any territorial claims to Texas

35. 49th Parallel Texas Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 with Spain
Texas

36. Map expansion

37. SECTIONALISM
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest.
SOUTH
Cotton-growing John C. Calhoun
_______________
Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System
Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
NORTHEAST
Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster _______________
Wanted Tariffs
Backed internal improvements
End to cheap public land
Increasingly nationalistic
Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.
WEST
Frontier agriculture Henry Clay
______________
Supported internal improvements and American System.
Wanted cheap land
Loyal to the U.S. Govt.
Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue
Economy Leader
____________
Role of Government

38. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES
NORTHEAST
Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster ____________
Wanted Tariffs
Backed internal improvements
Wanted end to cheap public land
Increasingly nationalistic
Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.
Economy Leader
__________
Role of Government

39. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES
SOUTH
Cotton growing
John C. Calhoun
_____________
Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System
Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
Economy Leader
__________
Role of Government

40. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES Supported internal improvements
WEST
Frontier agriculture
Henry Clay
_____________
Supported internal improvements
Wanted cheap land
Loyal to the U.S. Govt.
Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue
Economy Leader
__________
Role of Government

41. MISSOURI COMPROMISE
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
Threatened balance of power in Congress
11 free states
11 slave states
The Tallmadge amendment
prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri
All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.
Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

42. MISSOURI COMPROMISE
After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise
Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
Maine was to be admitted as a free state
In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

44. MISSOURI COMPROMISE
In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
Threatened the balance of power in Congress
11 free states
11 slave states
After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise
Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
Maine was to be admitted as a free state
In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

45. JOHN MARSHALL Born in Virginia, 1755
Served as an officer with General Washington during the Revolution
Attended College of William and Mary and became a practicing attorney.
2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.
Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states.
Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

46. Evolves As A Federalist
JOHN MARSHALL
Evolves As A Federalist
US troops suffer at Valley Forge
Need a strong govt. to tax which AOC could not
Merchants refused to pay debts to British
Need strong to govt. to demand obedience AOC could not
3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy”
Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not

47. Marshall Evolves As A Federalist
4. French Revolution
Importance of US Govt to maintain order
Controversial: Neutrality/Whiskey Rebellion
Individuals should respect the office of the presidency even if one disagrees with decisions
6. XYZ Affair
US Govt needed to be powerful enough to command respect from other nations.
7. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions
States not the final authority over law but SC
8. Appointed as Chief Justice
Increase powers of SC and national govt.
9. Republicans took control of US Congress.
As chief justice, implements Federalist principles.

48. JUDICIAL AUTHORITY NATIONALISM PROPERTY RIGHTS
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Supreme Court has the power to declare a law unconstitutional with the principle of judicial review.
NATIONALISM
The National Government is over the states.
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Private property is sacred and contracts legal.

49. MARSHALL'S DECISIONS Marbury vs. Madison, 1803
Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission.
Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission.
Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review” and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.

50. Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law
MARBURY VS MADISON
Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government.
Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law
1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the Constitution and its position of equality.
By setting a precedent for judicial review or the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not the states or Congress.
It also “sent the message” that the National Government is the last authority thus reinforcing Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over the states.

51. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Case: involved Georgia legislature, bribed, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River, Mississippi to private speculators. Next legislature cancelled transaction. Appealed to the Supreme Court.
Decision/Reason: SC concluded a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract thus protecting property rights against popular pressures. State law cannot impair contracts violates Constitution
Significance: Overturned a state decision because the legislative grant was a contract and national govt. is over the states.

52. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
Case: Involved a law of NH that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution
Decision/Reason: SC struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. Upheld the sanctity of contracts and private property.
Significance: Decision was important in assuring economic development and encouraging investment in corporations. In addition, it set a precedent for the Supreme Court’s overturning acts of state legislatures and state courts.

53. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Case: The state of MD tried to collect a tax from the Second Bank of the United States
Decision/Reason: Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal government had the implied power to create the bank (which was in question)
Significance: A state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state laws

54. Cohens v. Virginia (1821) MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Case: In VA, the Cohens were convicted of selling Washington, D.C. lottery tickets authorized by Congress
Decision/Reason: Marshall and the Court upheld the conviction. Case established the principle that the SC could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government
Significance: Solidified the belief that the Supreme Court has the last and final say in law.

55. Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Case: NY state granted a monopoly to a steamboat company that conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress
Decision/Reason: Marshall ruled NY monopoly was unconstitutional, establishing the federal govt’s broad control of interstate commerce. Congress regulates commerce.
Significance: The decision secures the concept of a common market and prevents states from impeding (disrupting) commerce.

56. Shaping the Government
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Shaping the Government
Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)
The Supreme Court established the principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

57. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Marbury vs. Madison
NATIONALISM
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Cohens vs. Virginia
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Fletcher vs. Peck

58. monroe doctrine
MONROE DOCTRINE
In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, Monroe Doctrine.
Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies.
Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western Hemisphere.
Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

59. Monroe accepted Adams's advice.
monroe doctrine
MONROE DOCTRINE
Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war."
Monroe accepted Adams's advice.
Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. ". . . the American continents,"
He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."

60. Western Hemisphere or the Americas.

61. New Latin American countries were formed from successful revolutions.
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

62. MONROE DOCTRINE Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist policies.
Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US recognized existing European Colonies
Responding to Russian territorial claims along the northern Pacific coast, and concerned that European nations would attempt to seize recently independent Latin American states, President James Monroe announced a new national policy. No new colonies would be allowed in the Americas, and European powers were not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. This mural depicts a discussion among the president and members of his cabinet; from left to right are President James Monroe, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Attorney General William Wirt, Secretary of War John Calhoun, and Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard.
Monroe Doctrine
US will stay out of European affairs