1. C.P. American History
Chapter 7
Growth and Division

2. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
1817 TO 1825
Spirit of Nationalism in US
patriotism or national oneness
Country is united, confident, and growing
, 9 states joined the original 13.
One political party---Republican party
Respect from Europe
Monroe first president to visit all states.
Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began.
But, time period was not free of problems.

3. Political Nationalism
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
Cultural Nationalism
Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism
Economic Nationalism
Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy AMERICAN SYSTEM
Political Nationalism
Movement to bring about the support for national government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

4. “National oneness” = Nationalism
MONROE'S PRESIDENCY
1. Served two terms: to 1825
Called the Era of Good Feelings
2. Unite the nation ”promote nationalism”
American System --- link the country together
Expansion of US
Rush/Bagot Treaty
Adams/Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase Treaty
3. Self Defense Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine, 1823
4. Sectional differences
Missouri Compromise
“National oneness” = Nationalism

5. President James Monroe
1817 TO 1825
UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL
Born in Virginia in 1758,
Attended the College of William and Mary,
Fought with Continental Army
Practiced law in Virginia.
Elected United States Senator
Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.
Elected President in 1816 and served from 1817 to 1825.
Era of Good Feelings
President James Monroe

6. National Transportation system
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
National Transportation system
Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal improvements to unite the US
the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.
1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation
1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
The Land Act of 1820
gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash;
the West demanded transportation.

7. Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry….
Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

8. ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
The Panic of 1819
Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation
Many state banks closed
The value of money fell
There were large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt
Depression was most severe in the West
The economic crisis changed many Western voters’ political outlook

9. Henry Clay’s American System
Congress’s attempt to unite the US
National transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers.
1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation---
Provide economic growth
Americans buying American goods
American self-sufficiency.
Protective Tariff to promote infant industry
Tariff of 1816
2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy
Rechartered in 1816

10. JUDICIAL AUTHORITY NATIONALISM PROPERTY RIGHTS
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Supreme Court has the power to declare a law unconstitutional with the principle of judicial review.
NATIONALISM
The National Government is over the states.
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Private property is sacred and contracts legal.

11. MARSHALL'S DECISIONS Marbury vs. Madison, 1803
Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission.
Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission.
Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review” and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.

12. Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law
MARBURY VS MADISON
Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government.
Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law
1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the Constitution and its position of equality.
By setting a precedent for judicial review or the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not the states or Congress.
It also “sent the message” that the National Government is the last authority thus reinforcing Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over the states.

13. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Case: involved Georgia legislature, bribed, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River, Mississippi to private speculators. Next legislature cancelled transaction. Appealed to the Supreme Court.
Decision/Reason: SC concluded a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract thus protecting property rights against popular pressures. State law cannot impair contracts violates Constitution
Significance: Overturned a state decision because the legislative grant was a contract and national govt. is over the states.

14. Shaping the Government
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Shaping the Government
Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)
The Supreme Court established the principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

15. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Case: The state of MD tried to collect a tax from the Second Bank of the United States
Decision/Reason: Using a loose interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal government had the implied power to create the bank (which was in question)
Significance: A state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state laws

16. Cohens v. Virginia (1821) MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Case: In VA, the Cohens were convicted of selling Washington, D.C. lottery tickets authorized by Congress
Decision/Reason: Marshall and the Court upheld the conviction. Case established the principle that the SC could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government
Significance: Solidified the belief that the Supreme Court has the last and final say in law.

17. Gibbons v. Ogden (1821) MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
Case: NY state granted a monopoly to a steamboat company that conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress
Decision/Reason: Marshall ruled NY monopoly was unconstitutional, establishing the federal govt’s broad control of interstate commerce. Congress regulates commerce.
Significance: The decision secures the concept of a common market and prevents states from impeding (disrupting) commerce.

18. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
MARSHALL'S DECISIONS
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Marbury vs. Madison
NATIONALISM
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Cohens vs. Virginia
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Fletcher vs. Peck

19. Westward Expansion Florida Becomes Part of US
After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty governing Florida
Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border
President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders
Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

20. Adams-Onis Treaty (1818) Westward Expansion Spain turned over
western Florida along with all to the east
Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
US agreed
to pay $5 million to Spain
to give up any territorial claims to Texas

21. 49th Parallel Texas Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 with Spain
Texas

22. Map expansion

23. monroe doctrine
MONROE DOCTRINE
In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, Monroe Doctrine.
Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies.
Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western Hemisphere.
Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

24. Monroe accepted Adams's advice.
monroe doctrine
MONROE DOCTRINE
Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war."
Monroe accepted Adams's advice.
Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. ". . . the American continents,"
He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."

25. Western Hemisphere or the Americas.

26. New Latin American countries were formed from successful revolutions.
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

27. MONROE DOCTRINE Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and isolationist policies.
Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US recognized existing European Colonies
Responding to Russian territorial claims along the northern Pacific coast, and concerned that European nations would attempt to seize recently independent Latin American states, President James Monroe announced a new national policy. No new colonies would be allowed in the Americas, and European powers were not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. This mural depicts a discussion among the president and members of his cabinet; from left to right are President James Monroe, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Attorney General William Wirt, Secretary of War John Calhoun, and Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard.
Monroe Doctrine
US will stay out of European affairs

28. What actions strengthened the federal government?
creation of protective
tariff
Creation of new national
bank
Actions
Decisions by Supreme
Court established dominance
of the nation over states
Proclamation of the
Monroe Doctrine

29. New Questions and Issues
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
New Questions and Issues
Greatest importance to western states were:
“Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the United States
Land made available at low prices by the government
Improved transportation
Westerners could not agree whether to permit slavery or exclude it

30. SECTIONALISM
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest.
SOUTH
Cotton-growing John C. Calhoun
_______________
Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System
Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
NORTHEAST
Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster _______________
Wanted Tariffs
Backed internal improvements
End to cheap public land
Increasingly nationalistic
Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.
WEST
Frontier agriculture Henry Clay
______________
Supported internal improvements and American System.
Wanted cheap land
Loyal to the U.S. Govt.
Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue
Economy Leader
____________
Role of Government

31. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES
NORTHEAST
Business and Manufacturing Daniel Webster ____________
Wanted Tariffs
Backed internal improvements
Wanted end to cheap public land
Increasingly nationalistic
Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.
Economy Leader
__________
Role of Government

32. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES
SOUTH
Cotton growing
John C. Calhoun
_____________
Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System
Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
Economy Leader
__________
Role of Government

33. SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES Supported internal improvements
WEST
Frontier agriculture
Henry Clay
_____________
Supported internal improvements
Wanted cheap land
Loyal to the U.S. Govt.
Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue
Economy Leader
__________
Role of Government

34. MISSOURI COMPROMISE
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
Threatened balance of power in Congress
11 free states
11 slave states
The Tallmadge amendment
prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri
All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.
Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

35. MISSOURI COMPROMISE
After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise
Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
Maine was to be admitted as a free state
In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

37. MISSOURI COMPROMISE
In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
Threatened the balance of power in Congress
11 free states
11 slave states
After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise
Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
Maine was to be admitted as a free state
In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

38. Picking cotton in Oklahoma, USA, in the 1890s

39. Picking cotton in Georgia, United States, in 1943

41. Hoeing a cotton field to remove weeds, Greene County, Georgia, USA, 1941

57. Red Missouri Mules