1. IRAN and The United States of America Future is Foggy Abbas Maleki Presented at Islamic Society of Professors Sharif University of Technology Feb. 28, 2005

2. Monroe Doctrine, US Isolationism, 1823 1851: Friendship and Navigation Treaty between Iran and US (Amir Kabir era) 1856: Establishment of US Political Mission in Bushehr 1883: US Embassy was opened in Tehran 1884: Iran Embassy in Washington (Haji Washington) 1906: Irans Constitution Revolution 1910: Morgan Shuster, American finance advisor to Irans Government

3. End of Monroeism, 1914 1919: US Statement against British-Iran Agreement 1921: Arthur Chester Millspough: Second finance advisor 1921: Coup detat by Reza Shah 1921: Law of Concession of North Oil Resources to US Sinclair Company 1924: Assassination of Major Robert Imberie, US Deputy Consular in Tehran

4. The Third Power 1941: Occupation of Iran by Allies 1942: US sent advisory teams and missions to Iran 1943: 6 American missions and centers of influence were located in Iran 1943: PGSC consisted 30000 noncombatant American troops who aided the USSR providing goods 1946: Soviet Withdrawal and US Nuclear Ultimatum

5. American Interventionism 1950: Nationalization of Irans Oil Industry US and Dr. Mosaddiq 1952: Operation Ajax, Dr. Wilber Mission 1953: Coup detat of August 1953: Momentous event between two states

6. Politics of Retrenchment 1954: Oil Concessions Baghdad Pact: UK, Pakistan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, (with support of US), Political and economic alliance 1956: SAVAK 1958: Ghasem Revolution in Iraq 1958: CENTO Pact; without Iraq, then METO 1958: Shah visited Washington 1959: Bilateral Defense Agreement between Iran and US 1960: Military Takeover in Turkey

7. American Style of Reform 1960: Shah supported Nixon in US presidential Campaign 1961: J. F. Kennedy became US President with pledge to help the peoples in other countries because of their rights, Alliance for Progress 1961: Khrushchev warned Lippmann to turbulent situation in Iran 1961: Ali Amini as Prime Minister decided to do reforms 1962; VP Johnson made visit to Tehran 1963: Referendum on Shahs six-point reform program 1963: Khordad,15 Movement, Position of Ayatollah Khomeini and then exile to Turkey.

8. US Concentration on Pro-Pahlavis Policies 1964: Capitulation: Irans Majlis approved a law provided American military personnel and their dependents stationed in Iran with full diplomatic immunity 1964: Exile of Imam Khomeini in Turkey 1965: PM Mansour was shot and Shah was attacked, both for Capitulation 1967: Shahs visit to US 1968; Shah and Hoveyda visited US 1969: High Military Expenditure: 32 F-4 had been sold to Iran, two naval fighters,..

9. Anti-Americanism Growth in Iran 1965: Mehdi Bahars Book: US as Colonial player 1970: Tehran Investment Seminar, David Rockefeller and 34 US industrialists participated. 1970: Ayatollah Saidi condemned this seminar was tortured to death by SAVAK 1971: Inauguration of commemoration of 2500 years of Persian monarchy. VP Spiro Agnew represented US. 1972: Nixon-Kissinger visit to Tehran, Purchasing F-14 and F-15 by Iran 1973: Joint Economic Commission of US & Iran. Only in 1975, the economic agreement between two countries was $15 billions 1973; Richard Helms, former Director of CIA appointed as US Ambassador to Tehran as CIA middle East Center 1973: Col. L. Hawkins, US military advisor was killed by armed political group in Tehran. 1975: US Air Force Col. P. Shaffer and J. Turner were assassinated. 1976: Three American working on electronic surveillance system (IBEX), were killed.

10. America in Bottleneck 1977: William Sullivan was appointed as US Ambassador in Tehran. 1977: Despite of Shahs support of Republicans, Democrat Jimmy Carter took the White House. He urged on Human Rights. 1977: US Secretary of State Cyrus Vance traveled to Tehran, pledged to sell $1.8 billion of 160 F-16, $1.23 billion AWACS to Iran. 1977: When Shah and Farah with J. Carter stood on the White House lawn, uncooperative breezes carried tear gas directly to the face of Shah. 1979: General Robert Huyser, Deputy Commander in chief of the US European Command, traveled to Iran and described US design for choosing one PM from other side and Shahs leaving the country. 1979; Shah fled Iran for the final time. 1979: Bazargan and Yazdi met Brzezinski in Algiers 1979: American Embassy had been taken by students.

11. An Overview of US-Iran Relations 1972-1977 The value of US military sales to Iran amounted to $16.2 billion The military advisors reached to 35000 Iran as a pillar of US two pillars policy in Persian Gulf played its role in: -Dzofar Crises -Iraqi Kurdistan -Somalia

12. US and Irans Revolution 1979 Nov. 14 : National Emergency by Carter 1979 Nov. 14: International Economic Emergency (Powers Act), US freezes Iranian assets. 1980 Apr. 7 : Carter broke diplomatic relations with Iran 1980 Apr. 25 : US hostage rescue attempt failed in Tabas desert

13. Iran-Iraq War and the Role of US 1984: US Marine Headquarters in Lebanon exploded by suicide bomber 1984: Iran listed as supporter of International Terrorism. 1987: Iranian goods were prohibited to import to US, even carpet, pistachio, 1991: Law on weapons non-proliferation to Iran and Iraq 1991: Ban Iranian ships entrance to US ports 1992: Ban on export of chemical, biological, nuclear and sophisticated weapons to Iran and Iraq

14. The Age of Sanctions 1995: Prevention of participations of US companies in Irans oil and gas fields development 1995: Clinton decree on sanction of Iran oil and gas fields: CONOCO contract cancelled. 1996: D'Amato Bill: Ban on Iran and Libya oil & gas investment more than $40 millions 1997: ILSA: Ban on more than $20 millions, Extraterritoriality 1998: President Khatami interview with CNN 1998: Suspension of ILSA for European companies in G8 Summit 1998: US removed Iran and Malaysia from the narcotics producers list 1999: Law for mandatory report on list of companies, countries or individuals who help Iran on nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons to the Congress each 6 months

15. US accusations against Iran Iran supports the international terrorism Iran violated human rights Iran opposes to Arab Israeli peace process Iran is going to have access to nuclear weapons Iran is producing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) like chemical, biological, and missile launchers

16. Models for US to deal with Iran Leadership Isolation Engagement Sticks and Carrots Sticks Attack

17. Leadership Police must deal with all of the guys Without a combined approach with the Europeans, the Iranians will drive a truck between the two sides and come out a winner. United States should make clear what it is prepared to give Iran in return for indefinite suspension of Iran's enrichment program. Geoffrey Kemp Iran is a leader within Islamic World, and a major producer of oil and gas Iran had not attacked its neighbors. In fact, it had been the victim of Iraqi aggression and chemical strikes Within the Administration, we were intrigued by the possibility of an official dialogue with the constitutional authorities. Madeleine Albright, Dec. 17, 2001

18. Isolation This model proposes the best way to deal with Iran is to neglect Iran. Irans internal problems weaken Irans potential and tend to chaotic situation in the society.

19. Engagement The revolution in Iran has been in power for over 20 years It is not in danger of being overthrown. No significant opposition movement exists Irans laws are becoming more investor-friendly and foreign companies are responding. Robert pelletreau: major issues for US in the 21 st century are international terrorism, narcotics trafficking, and the spread of nuclear weapons as three urgent will require cooperation between US and Iran to be dealt effectively

20. Sticks and Carrots "The reason we're having these discussions is because they were caught enriching uranium after they had signed a treaty saying they wouldn't enrich uranium. Bush in Bratislava, Feb. 2005 Bush May Weigh the Use of Incentives to Dissuade Iran, Bush hints U.S. may join in Iran concessions Bush hints at talks rather than threats to rein in Iran NYT, Feb. 25, 2005 U.S. Military Aircraft Not Flying over Iran, DoD Spokesman Says, Feb. 22, 2005

21. Sticks and Carrots (2) US and EU Bush agreed after his summit meetings in Brussels and Mainz this week to reconsider the US position. U.S. policy is malevolent neglect. By not joining the talks, US administration can say I told you so if they fail. The Europeans, will say the reason they failed is because the United States did not join us.

22. Sticks and Carrots (3) Possible Carrots for Iran from the United States Help joining the World Trade Organization The sale of spare parts for Iran's decrepit fleet of Boeing airliners The unfreezing of Iranian assets held in the USA.

23. Sticks ILSA: Iran Libya Sanction Act -US has used 104 sanctions from First World War -From 1993, US has used 61 sanctions to other countries. Caspian oil and gas transportation via Iran is banned Radio Farda IMF and WB loans for Iran are difficult WTO membership Sending the file to the UN Security Council Legal cases in US courts

24. Security Council A confidential position paper being circulated by the Americans to the other board members called for a new written report on Iran by the Board's June meeting. It urged that meeting to ``take further action if needed'' against Iran - in effect a demand that Tehran be hauled before the U.N. Security Council if there is any indication it was defying the agency board on nuclear matters. AP, Feb. 26, 2005

25. Legal and judicial cases against Iran in US Courts Terry Anderson, kidnapped in Lebanon, claims $100 millions from Iran Sicipio, $20 millions Reed, $16 millions Kabubson, $9 millions Their wives: each $10 millions Alisa Flato, who was killed in Israel, Federal court ordered to give to her family $247 millions of Irans assets

26. Legal Affairs The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is overseeing about 80 investigations of foreign arms brokers, Iranian military agents and U.S. companies suspected of trying to smuggle to Iran sensitive systems or technology that could be used for military purposes. The export to Iran of such so-called dual-use technologies is banned. A dozen cases involving alleged exports to Iran are now before U.S. courts. Wall Street Journal, Feb. 26, 2005

27. US Presidents Precedent What did behave US, before its attack to Iraq? Slightly more than two years ago, George Bush invariably answered every question regarding his plans to attack Iraq by saying that he didn't have such plans on his desk. But by March, 2003, those plans had found their way to his desk " The lesson is that a U.S. attack is never publicized in advance, certainly not if it cannot be legitimized. It will be a surprise.

28. Inside Iran Iran should have nuclear knowledge but not the bomb, says Hossein Ibrahim, a clerk in a hardware store in Tehran. He, like many other Iranians interviewed here, says Iran needs the capability for nuclear energy and to deter enemies from attacking. There is broad public discontent with Iran's Islamic government, but little or no popular sentiment against the country's nuclear development program. USA Today, Feb. 22, 2005

29. Irans Reaction Iran will guarantee it is not making weapons. It is willing to remain a member of the non- proliferation treaty and give the IAEA access to all nuclear sites. In return, Iran wants an end to its isolation by Europe and full engagement in political, security, economic and technological fields. If we have 100 billion euros in European investment in Iran, and if we have Iranian investment in Europe, Iran would never even think to divert the nuclear enrichment because the damage would be huge for Iran. Hossein Mousavian, USA Today, Feb. 22, 2005

30. Real Situation American companies, especially electronics manufacturers like Hewlett-Packard are doing land- office business in Iran. They operate through subsidiaries in Dubai. American companies never stopped. We just operate through our Canadian and European subsidiaries." This calls the American economic embargo of Iran into very severe question. It looks like the only people whose "economic activity" with Iran is restricted are writers and scholars--a pretty poor, pretty ineffective policy. William Beeman, Feb. 2005

31. Attack On Tuesday, February 22, 2005, President George Bush said that the idea that he was preparing to attack Iran was ridiculous, but that all options are on the table. NYT, Feb. 24, 2005 Is it inconsistent Bushs inconsistency is very logical and it is based on Clausewitz's theory of war on which he believes all military attacks should be surprise attacks and the country should purposefully mislead the "enemy" into the belief that they are open to negotiations (such as the statement that all of our options are open) while they are preparing for war.

32. War Game (1)

33. War Game (2)

34. War Game (3)

35. Range of Shahab 3

36. US military in Asia

37. War Game (4)

38. 3 military Scenarios

39. First scenario (1)

40. First scenario (2)

41. First scenario (3)

42. Second Scenario

43. Second Scenario (2)

44. Second Scenario (3)

45. Second Scenario (4)

46. Irans Reaction

47. Israeli Factor Israel has been privately pressing Washington to solve the Iran nuclear problem in a hint that Tel Aviv may be left with no choice but to bomb Iranian nuclear facilities, defense officials say. AP, Feb. 23, 2005 Israel Air Force Commander-in-Chief Major General Eliezer Shakedi said Monday that Israel must be prepared for an air strike on Iran in light of its nuclear activity. Haaretz, Feb. 21, 2005

48. Environments Reaction

49. Regions Reaction

50. The Coat of the WAr

51. The Cost of War in Iraq According to a report on the cost of the war in Iraq released last week by the Democratic staff of the House Budget Committee, the war and ongoing insurgency could cost the United States between US$461 billion and $646 billion by 2015, depending on the scope and duration of operations. Asia Times, Feb. 2005

52. Cognitive War

53. Cognitive War (2)

54. Cognitive War (3)

55. Cognitive War (4)

56. War in Media

57. War in Media (2)

58. War in Media (3)

59. War in Media (4)

60. War in Media (5)

61. War in Media (6) Iran Said to Acquire Knowledge on Weapons By GEORGE JAHN.c The Associated Press VIENNA, Austria (AP) - Iran, through the black market network, had accumulated all the knowledge it needed by the late 1980s to set up technology that can be used to make atomic weapons, diplomats familiar with the work of the U.N. nuclear watchdog agency said Saturday. The diplomats, who are familiar with the work of the Vienna-based International Atomic Energy Agency, spoke to The Associated Press two days before the IAEA board meets on Iran and other potential world nuclear concerns. An agency investigation during the past two years previously established that Iran ran a clandestine nuclear program for nearly two decades, including working on uranium enrichment - which can be used to make weapons. The diplomats, who requested anonymity, suggested that the new revelations were significant because they indicated Iran had full possession of enrichment know-how from the black market network run by Pakistan's Abdul Qadeer Khan earlier than previously believed. 2/26/2005

62. War in Media (7) Official Admits Iran May Hide Nuclear Program In Tunnels Iran may be hiding its nuclear technology inside special tunnels because of threats of attack by the United States, Tehran's chief nuclear negotiator said in an interview published Friday. Hassan Rowhani, who has been negotiating with Germany, Britain and France over Iran's uranium enrichment program, was asked by an interviewer for the daily Le Monde: "Is it accurate that Iran has built tunnels meant to serve Iran's nuclear activities?" Rowhani responded that reports Iran was building tunnels to hide its nuclear technology "could be true," he said. International Herald Tribune February 26, 2005

63. Conclusion US attack against Iran is serious Iran must design policies to prevent any escalation of tension between two countries. The role of elite and references in Irans society is pivotal Iranians in abroad also can play a significant role to show the realities to the Americans

64. Energy resource periphery Energy demand heartland

65. Thank you maleki@sharif.edu