1. Presenting Tailored (Context-Aware) Information to City Visitors Keith Cheverst Lancaster University kc@comp.lancs.ac.uk

2. Lancaster University - DMRG Motivation… Mobile Computing Wireless Communications Context Awareness = ? + + Why did we choose tourism ?

3. Lancaster University - DMRG GUIDE Requirements… Four main requirements Flexibility Passive, active, control the pace of interaction Context-aware information Not just location based Support for dynamic information Changes to opening times etc. Support for interactive services

4. Lancaster University - DMRG Communications Infrastructure Infrastructure has a dual role, broadcasting: Dynamic information, Positioning information

5. Lancaster University - DMRG Infrastructure Continued…

6. Lancaster University - DMRG The Information Model… Represents various information types Geographic, Hypertext and Active Components

7. Lancaster University - DMRG Configuring GUIDE…

8. Lancaster University - DMRG Welcome to GUIDE…

9. Lancaster University - DMRG Information Retrieval…

10. Lancaster University - DMRG Picking a Tour…

11. Lancaster University - DMRG Following a Tour (1)…

12. Lancaster University - DMRG Following a Tour (2)…

13. Lancaster University - DMRG Following a Tour (3)…

14. Lancaster University - DMRG Implications of Disconnection… GUIDE units can loose network connectivity Information Model cached locally, but… Trust/reliability of information is an issue No reception of dynamic information Information can become out-of-date Certain functionality becomes unavailable Location Information, Messaging Service etc Encourage an understanding for the role of connectivity

15. Lancaster University - DMRG Solving Location Problems: A GUIDE and Visitor Partnership

16. Lancaster University - DMRG Found Again…

17. Lancaster University - DMRG Generating the AH (1) Incorporation of GUIDE tags Enables pages to query Information Model Processed by GUIDE filter component Example Filter calls ProvideDescription() and ProvideImage() on associated location objects Builds up page…

18. Lancaster University - DMRG Generating the AH (2)

19. Lancaster University - DMRG Generating the AH (3),the following attractions are near to you at. Note: The list below is ordered according to closeness and whether or not they are open or closed.

20. Lancaster University - DMRG Updating the User Model (1) Use of GUIDE Meta Tags enable the dynamic updating of the User Model e.g. Increasing History rating -- Additional History Text --

21. Lancaster University - DMRG Updating the User Model (2)

22. Lancaster University - DMRG With Low History Interest…

23. Lancaster University - DMRG With High History Interest…

24. Lancaster University - DMRG The Evaluation of GUIDE… Expert Walkthrough Highlighted a number of UI issues Field Trial - Sixty visitors over 5 weeks What the public actually think Would users accept and trust the system? Ascertain quality of visitor’s experience Determine the implications of our approach Was the browser metaphor appropriate? Granularity of location information?

25. Lancaster University - DMRG Key Findings (1) … In general, visitors enjoyed using the system… Visitors appreciated location-awareness Found navigation reassuring Visitors trust of the system was dynamic Increased when shown detailed descriptions e.g. ‘watch the step when leaving the path’ Decreased when information could not be retrieved or appeared inaccurate/incorrect

26. Lancaster University - DMRG Key Findings (2)… Some concern over missing information Based on automated retrieval Majority appreciated system’s flexibility But for some ‘Less is More’ (Information Appliance) High acceptance for the end-system Could be lighter… Young visitors revelled in the technology

27. Lancaster University - DMRG Future (1)… Cooperation

28. Lancaster University - DMRG Future (2) … Supplement infrastructure with micro- cellular system, e.g. bluetooth Connectivity within buildings Obtain finer positioning granularity Persistence of User Model Constant learning/building of user’s profile Reduce tight-coupling with GUIDE Further Evaluation…

29. Lancaster University - DMRG Concluding Remarks… Growing acceptance of technology ? Context can simplify the visitor’s task When adapting to context designers need to carefully consider… How to avoid over-determining the user Appropriate metaphors for interaction Implications for User Interaction… Context and Infrastructure