1. UNAIDS – Children and HIV in Jamaica and the Caribbean region
Caribbean Child Development Centre
Workshop on Children and HIV/AIDS
Tuesday, 14 February 2006
JOHANNES WAGNER
Programme Officer
UNAIDS Office Jamaica

2. Global Epidemiology
Facts and Figures
(including children)

3. Global summary of the HIV and AIDS epidemic, December 2005
Number of people living with HIV in 2005 Total 40.3 million (36.7 – 45.3 million) Adults 38.0 million (34.5 – 42.6 million) Women 17.5 million (16.2 – 19.3 million) Children under 15 years 2.3 million (2.1 – 2.8 million)
People newly infected with HIV in Total 4.9 million (4.3 – 6.6 million) Adults 4.2 million (3.6 – 5.8 million) Children under 15 years ( – )
AIDS deaths in 2005 Total 3.1 million (2.8 – 3.6 million) Adults 2.6 million (2.3 – 2.9 million) Children under 15 years ( – )
The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.

4. Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2005
Western & Central Europe
[ – ]
Eastern Europe & Central Asia
1.6 million
[ – 2.3 million]
North America
1.2 million
[ – 1.8 million]
East Asia
[ – 1.4 million]
North Africa & Middle East
[ – 1.4 million]
Caribbean
[ – ]
South & South-East Asia
7.4 million
[4.5 – 11.0 million]
Sub-Saharan Africa
25.8 million
[23.8 – 28.9 million]
Latin America
1.8 million
[1.4 – 2.4 million]
Oceania
74 000
[ – ]
Total: 40.3 (36.7 – 45.3) million
* The proportion of adults [15 to 49 years of age] living with HIV in 2005, using 2005 population numbers
The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.

5. About 14 000 new HIV infections a day in 2005
More than 95% are in low and middle income countries
Almost 2000 are in children under 15 years of age
About are in persons aged 15 to 49 years,
of whom:
- almost 50% are women
- about 50% are 15–24 year olds

6. Children and HIV and AIDS
Facts and Figures

7. Children (<15 years) estimated to be living with HIV as of end 2005
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
7 800
[5 300 – ]
Western & Central Europe
5 300
[4 200 – 6 800]
North America
9 000
[4 600 – ]
East Asia
5 000
[1 900 – ]
North Africa & Middle East
37 000
[ – ]
Caribbean
17 000
[9 900 – ]
South
& South-East Asia
[ – ]
Sub-Saharan Africa
2.1 million
[1.8 – 2.5 million]
Latin America
50 000
[ – ]
Oceania
3 300
[ ]
Total: 2.3 (2.1 – 2.8) million

8. Estimated deaths in children (<15 years) from AIDS during 2005
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
2 100
[1 400 – 3 600]
Western & Central Europe
< 100
[< 200]
North America
< 100
[< 200]
East Asia
1 300
[470 – 3 600]
North Africa & Middle East
11 000
[4 100 – ]
Caribbean
3 600
[1 800 – 7 900]
South
& South-East Asia
31 000
[ – ]
Sub-Saharan Africa
[ – ]
Latin America
3 200
[2 400 – 6 600]
Oceania
700
[180 – 3 100]
Total: ( – )

9. Western & Central Europe
Estimated number of children (<15 years) newly infected with HIV during 2005
Western & Central Europe
200
[< 400]
Eastern Europe
& Central Asia
3 700
[2 600 – 6 400]
North America
500
[<1 000]
East Asia
2 300
[840 – 6 300]
North Africa & Middle East
8 900
[2 600 – ]
Caribbean
3 800
[2 000 – 8 000]
South
& South-East Asia
44 000
[ – ]
Sub-Saharan Africa
[ – ]
Latin America
7 700
[5 600 – ]
Oceania
1 100
[230 – 4 800]
Total: ( – )

10. End-2005 global HIV and AIDS estimates Children (<15 years)
Children living with HIV million [2.1 – 2.8 million]
New HIV infections in [ – ]
Deaths due to AIDS in [ – ]

11. Vulnerability to HIV Infection
Children HIV and AIDS
Vulnerability to HIV Infection

12. Vulnerability to HIV Infection
Economic, social, cultural and legal factors;
Cause and effect are interrelated;
A single effect or the totality of effects increases vulnerability to HIV.

13. Vulnerability to HIV Infection
Children become
Care Giver
Illness
Emotional distress
Deaths of parents
Economic Problems
Issues of Property
and Inheritance
Children without adequate care
School drop out
Child trafficking
Exploitative Child Labor
Poor housing
Violence
Poor Nutrition
Sexual Exploitation
Stigma and Discrimination
Reduced Access
to Health Services
Vulnerability to HIV Infection

14. Child Labour in the Caribbean
Vulnerability to HIV
Child Labour in the Caribbean

15. Child Labour
Study commissioned by ILO Sub-regional Office for the Caribbean, (ILO a UNAIDS Co- Sponsor agency) in 2005.
Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago

16. Child Labour
The study reflects a broad comparative approach and completes the six companion studies on the individual countries.
Identify apparent gaps and inconsistencies in laws relating to child labour.
Provide a guide for legislative reform.

17. Child Labour
Definition: Both paid and unpaid work and activities that are mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children. It is work that deprives them of opportunities for schooling or that requires them to assume the multiple burdens of schooling and work at home and in other workplaces and work that enslaves them and separates them from their family.

18. Child Labour - Conlusions
The commissioned study concluded that:
There are constitutional provisions in all countries surveyed which recognize and declare certain fundamental rights and freedoms.
In addition, some countries have further provisions in their criminal acts that outlaw worst forms of child labour. Gaps could be remedied by a process of amendments.

19. Child Labour - Conclusions
With exceptions of the Bahamas, none of the countries has the requisite legislative framework dealing with light work, defined as:
Not likely to be harmful to the health or development of young persons and not such as to prejudice their attendance at school, their participation in vocational orientation or training programmes approved by the competent authority or their capacity to benefit from the instruction received.

20. Child Labour – Recommended Reform
Caribbean countries should ensure that a policy on child labour is placed in the context of national social and economic development policies that address the larger issues of poverty, education, family, life and youth development.
Establish a comprehensive Policy framework to guide law reform on the issue of child labour.

21. Child Labour – Recommended Reform
Within the Caribbean Region the law on minimum age for admission to employment varies widely (12-16 years).
Request: Set minimum age - not less than 15 years, consistent with the compulsory age for completion of schooling and human development standard of the country.

22. Child Labour – Recommended Reform
No existing specific legislation on child trafficking in the surveyed countries
Request: Introduction of comprehensive legislation on the sale and trafficking of children.

23. Child Labour Beyond legal action other actions have to be
undertaken by the Governments to create a
supportive environment :
Poverty
Poor parenting
Violence against children
Sexual abuse of children
Deficiencies in the educational, health and legal sectors; and
Lack of Monitoring and Evaluation systems

24. Child Rights – Legal Obligations of the States
All states in the Caribbean region have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child. None has entered any reservation to reduce their obligation to protect children from all forms of violence.

25. Child Rights
Every child should enjoy every right in the Convention on the Rights of the Child .
The failure to protect one right of the child could be the basis to put the life of the child in jeopardy through their contracting HIV or through them facing the consequences of HIV infection.