1. Washington & Adams
U.S. History Test Review

2. First, a quick review
Chapter 7 covered events leading up to the ratification of the Constitution at the Convention in Philadelphia in

3. “No Taxation Without Representation”
This slogan, used by the colonists prior to the American Revolution, expressed their belief in the need for the consent of the governed.

4. The Great Compromise
At the Constitutional Convention, held in Philadelphia in 1787, delegates agreed to compromise on what formula should be used for Congressional representation.

5. Federalism
The principle of Federalism deals with the division of power between the national and state governments.

6. Checks and Balances
The three branches of government each check the other to make sure that a balance of power exists between the branches. EX: The President nominates a justice to the Supreme Court, who the Senate will confirm.

7. Federalists vs. Antifederalists
One reason for the development of political parties in the early republic was over the disagreement about the role and strength of the national government.

8. Federalists vs. Antifederalists
Hamilton, a Federalist, supported a strong national government Jefferson, an Antifederalist, supported an expansion of states’ rights

9. Federalists vs. Antifederalists
Federalist Alexander Hamilton tried to ease the concerns of the Anti-Federalists over ratification of the new Constitution. He said that the states will enjoy important powers under the Constitution.

10. Federalists vs. Antifederalists
Federalists also believed that the text of the Constitution should be interpreted loosely, according to historical and social changes.

11. Amendment Process
The Constitution of the United States is a living document that can be amended, or changed, to reflect needs of a growing nation.

12. The Bill of Rights
The Bills of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution. The 10th Amendment outlines the concept of limited government.

13. Washington becomes President
Washington planned to retire from public service after the American Revolution He felt the well-being of the country was more important than his own personal plans as agreed to become the first President of the United States.

14. Washington on National Debt
The First Bank of the United States was formed during Washington’s presidency State debt was assumed, and the nation was put on firm financial footing.

15. Washington on National Debt
Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton proposed a plan to respond to deal with the country’s economic problems: Create a national bank Impose a whiskey tax Repay federal and state debts

16. Washington on National Debt
Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton was best known for his creation of a national bank.

17. Washington on Foreign Policy
Washington believed that the U.S. must be self-governing. If our alliances with other countries take away any of our authority, then the Revolutionary War was fought for nothing.

18. Washington on Foreign Policy
He adopted a position of neutrality in foreign relations. In April 1793, he issued the Proclamation of Neutrality saying the U.S. would not take sides in the war between England and France.

19. Washington on Immigration
“I hoped that this land might become a safe….asylum to ….mankind, to whatever nation they might belong.” He wanted to allow the immigration of people from foreign countries.

20. Washington & the Judiciary Act
During the Washington Administration, the passage of the Judiciary Act set up the federal courts system.

21. Washington & the Whiskey Rebellion
Washington used the state militia to put down the Whiskey Rebellion He demonstrated that the new national government intended to enforce federal laws.

22. Washington sets a precedent
George Washington set an important precedent by stepping down as President after two terms in office.

23. Washington’s Farewell
In his Farewell Address, President Washington influenced future foreign policy. The U.S. attempted to remain neutral with foreign powers through the 19th century.

24. Washington’s Farewell
He wanted the nation to avoid forming alliances with foreign nations.

25. Washington’s Farewell
“Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent Alliances.” Washington warned against United States involvement in European conflicts.

26. Adams becomes President
John Adams, well- known Patriot during the American Revolution, was the 1st vice President of the U.S. and the 2nd President. He promoted the cause of American independence at the Continental Congress.

27. Alien & Sedition Acts
Adams’ controversial Alien and Sedition Acts restricted citizens from criticizing the government.

28. Alien & Sedition Acts
Congress passed these Acts were in response to the “XYZ Affair” and threats to national security. Newspaper editors were punished for their criticism of the government.

29. Problems of the Early Republic
Creating a stable economic system Defining authority of the national government Maintaining national security

30. Good Luck!