1. Solutions

2. Heterogeneous Mixture Element Compounds or Molecules
Matter
Are all the particles alike?
YES NO
Pure Substance
Mixture
Are the particles one kind of atom?
Are the particles well-mixed and mixed evenly?
YES NO
YES NO
Homogeneous Mixture
(Solutions)
Heterogeneous Mixture
Element
Compounds
or Molecules

3. For something to dissolve in water, the water molecules need to break the bonds between the solute molecules

4. Solutions (homogeneous mixture)
very small particles evenly distributed
often difficult to separate
examples: metal alloys, milk, salt water, Kool Aid®

6. Dissolving the substance that is dissolved is called the solute
the substance that does the dissolving is the solvent
a substance that dissolves in another substance is soluble; if it can’t, it is insoluble
solubility describes the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a volume of solvent
an unsaturated solution will dissolve more solute
can not dissolve any more solute in a saturated solution

9. Acids and Bases Acids Properties
a substance that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
the more H+ dissolved in water, the stronger the acid
can taste sour
corrosive (“eat away” metals)
dehydrating agents (remove water from materials- skin!)

10. Common acids
sulfuric acid: most widely used chemical in the world, car batteries, production of fertilizers
phosphoric acid: make fertilizers and detergents
nitric acid: fertilizers and explosives
hydrochloric acid: stomach acid and to pickle (clean) metals

11. Bases (also called alkaline when in water)
Properties
“opposite” of an acid
a substance that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution
the more OH- dissolved in water, the stronger the base
feel slippery (soap)
may taste bitter

12. Common bases
ammonium hydroxide: most common, household cleaning agent, and in fertilizers
magnesium hydroxide: laxative, antacid
sodium hydroxide: drain and oven cleaner

14. Measuring Acid/Base Strength
pH scale
each increase or decrease is 10X change in concentration
indicators are chemicals that change color in an acid or base

20. Neutralization
the chemical reaction between an acid and base that produces “a salt” and water
acid + base → salt + water
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O