2.  What is a solution?  What are the differences between unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions?  What are some of the general properties of an acid?  What are some of the general properties of a base?  What is a neutralization reaction?  What is the pH scale?  How is pH used to describe the concentration of acids and bases?

3.  PSc.2.2.6 ◦ Recognize common inorganic acids including hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid and citric acid. ◦ Recognize common bases including sodium bicarbonate, and hydroxides of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium and ◦ ammonium. ◦ Define acids and bases according to the Arrhenius theory. ◦ Develop an understanding of the pH scale and the classification of substances therein. ◦ Generalize common characteristics of acids and bases– pH range, reactivity with metals and carbonates (acids) or fats/oils (bases), ◦ conductivity. ◦ Relate general household uses of acids and bases with their characteristic properties. ◦ Explain what happens in a neutralization reaction, identifying each component substance.

4.  Solution: A type of homogeneous mixture formed when one substance dissolves in another.  There are two parts to a solution 1.Solute – the substance that is dissolved. 2.Solvent – the substance that causes the other to dissolve. (Water is usually the solvent.)  Example: Lemonade What part of the lemonade is the solute? lemon juice and sugar What part of the lemonade is the solvent? water

5.  Solubility: The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.  Soluble – anything that dissolves in another substance. ◦ Ex: Salt is soluble in water.  Insoluble – anything that does not dissolve in another substance. ◦ Ex: Oil is insoluble in water.

6.  If you continue adding sugar to lemonade, eventually the point is reached when no more sugar dissolves and the excess granules sink to the bottom of the glass.

7.  Unsaturated – more solute can be dissolved in the solvent  Saturated – no more solute can be dissolved in the solvent at the current temperature. Generally, as the temperature of a liquid solvent increases, the amount of solid solute that can dissolve in it also increases.

8.  Supersaturated –contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature. ◦ Ex: Rock Candy is made in this way.

9. Solubility Curve  Each line on the graph is called a solubility curve for a particular substance.  You can use a solubility curve to figure out how much solute will dissolve at any temperature given on the graph.

10. 1. A(n) __________ solution is any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature. A. electrolyte B. saturated C. supersaturated D. unsaturated The answer is D. A saturated solution contains all the solute it can hold at that temperature, but an unsaturated solution can hold additional solute.

11. 2. What is a solubility curve used for? Answer: You can use a solubility curve to figure out how much solute will dissolve at any temperature given on the graph.

12. 3. The substance being dissolved in a solution is the __________. A. aqueous phase B. media C. solute D. solvent Answer is C. The solute dissolves into the solvent

13.  An acid is defined by Arrhenius as a substance that dissociates to produce hydrogen ions (H + ) in a water solution. HCl → H + + Cl -

14.  Contains hydrogen  Taste sour  Reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas  Reacts with carbonates to form carbon dioxide, water and a salt  Corrode metals  Electrolytes  pH is less than 7  Turns blue litmus paper to red Mg + 2HCl  MgCl 2 + H 2 Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl  CO 2 + H 2 O + 2NaCl Conducts Electricity

15.  HCl (hydrochloric acid) - gastric juice  H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid) - fertilizer, car batteries  HC 2 H 3 O 2 (acetic acid) - vinegar  HNO 3 (nitric acid) - fertilizers  H 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 (citric acid) – fruits Other common uses: dyes, paints, food preservation & preparation

16.  A base is defined by Arrhenius as a substance that produces hydroxide ions OH - in a water solution. NaOH → Na + + OH -

17.  Contains OH -  Taste bitter  Electrolytes  Feel soapy, slippery  pH greater than 7  Turns red litmus paper to blue  Reacts with fats/oils to produce soaps Conducts Electricity

18.  NaOH - lye, drain and oven cleaner  Mg(OH) 2 - laxative, antacid, milk of magnesia  NaHCO 3 – cooking, antacid  KOH – batteries, biodiesel, soaps  Ca(OH) 2 – cement  Ba(OH) 2 – waste water treatment  NH 4 OH – food processing

20. 1. The pH of an acidic solution is a. Less than 0.c. Less than 7. b. Greater than 14.d. Greater than 7. 2. A solution whose pH is 7 a. Is acidic. c. Is neutral. b. Is basic. d. Is none of the others. 3. Solubility is the _____ amount of a _____ that can be dissolved in a given amount of ______ at a given temperature. a. Least, solute, solvent b. Max, solute, solvent c. Least, solvent, solute d. Max, solvent, solute Warm-Up - Write the questions

21.  pH ◦ The pH scale is used to determine how acidic or basic a solution is. ◦ measured with a pH meter or an indicator with a wide color range. (Litmus Paper) ◦ Ranges from 0 to 14 ◦ 7 is neutral

23. Reaction of acid and a base forms a salt and water – ALWAYS Note: A salt is an ionic compound 1.NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H 2 O Acid? Base? Salt? HCl NaOH NaCl

24. 2.2HNO 3 + Ba(OH) 2  H 2 O + Ba(NO 3 ) Acid? Base? Salt? H 3 PO 4 NaOH Na 3 PO 4

25. 3.2LiOH + H 2 SO 4  2H 2 O + Li 2 SO 4 4.2HClO 4 + Ca(OH) 2  Ca(ClO 4 ) 2 + 2 H 2 O 5.KOH + HNO 3  H 2 O + KNO 3 6.H 3 PO 4 + NaOH  H 2 O + Na 3 PO 4

26. Review

27. 1.The substance being dissolved is called _________. 2.The substance doing the dissolving is called __________. 3.A solution is a ______________ mixture. 4.A solution that can dissolve more. _________ 5.A solution that can dissolved no more. ___________ 6.A solution that has dissolved more than normal. ________________

28. 7.Substances that in solutions have H + (hydrogen) ions are… 8.Acids produce what in water solution? 9.The acid in oranges. 10.The acids in fertilizers. 11.The acid in your stomach. 13.Solutions that have OH - ions are 14.Bases produce what in solution? (name)

29. 14.Base that is in batteries 15.Base in milk of magnesia 16.Bases have a ______feel and ________ taste. 17.Acids have a _______ taste. 18.Acids and bases are both corrosive and react with indicators to produce a _______ change. 19.Both produce ions in water and are therefore _____________.