1. Chapter 7 Where to fix affixes Morphology Lane 333

2. Affixes The chapter focuses on the different positions that affixes may occupy within the word Affixes may be lexical or grammatical Affixes are classified structurally by the positions they occupy

3. Suffixes Suffixes go after the stem In Russian, ‘gazetu’ & ‘gazety); have different grammatical meaning Russian Nouns have different grammatical suffix according to their CASE CASE includes: (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional)

4. Prefixes Prefixes: the affixed morpheme goes before the stem For example, In Swahili (spoken in East Africa) nitawapenda (I will like them) ni= I ta=future wa=them penda=stem=to like

5. Reduplication Reduplication: is a sort of prefixing that makes new words in some languages by taking the first consonant (if there is one) & a vowel and copy them as a prefix. Example (7.3): peska (pepeska) poddong (popoddong)

6. Infixes Infixes: the affixed morpheme is placed within the stem A characteristic of some Philippine languages Example: bato ‘stone’bumato ‘is turning to stone’ -um- (is becoming) Also in Arabic darsduruus markibmaraakib (consonants of the stem carry the lexical meaning while vowels between them carry grammatical meaning) Exercise 7.6 Infixes are absent in English

7. Circumfixes Circumfixes: the affix is placed around the stem In German, the past participle marker consists of both a prefix (ge-) & a suffix (-en or (e)t) which may be thought of as a single element or morpheme surrounding the stem Examples: (gesungen, gebrochen, geoffnet)

8. Ablaut Ablaut: is a method of signalling grammatical differences by changing the vowel of the word & it doesn’t involve affixation For example: (ring, rang, rung) The vowel patterns here signal grammatical information