1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva Ivy Tech Community College © Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images Chapter 7 Part A The Skeleton © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. Why This Matters Understanding the anatomy of the skeleton enables you to anticipate problems such as pelvic dimensions that may affect labor and delivery © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. The Skeleton The skeletal system, or skeleton, is composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments –Mostly bone –Cartilage occurs in isolated areas –Ligaments connect bones and reinforce joints The skeleton accounts for 20% of body mass Two major divisions –Axial skeleton –Appendicular skeleton © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Part 1: The Axial Skeleton Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones divided into three major regions: –Skull –Vertebral column –Thoracic cage Axial skeleton has three functions: 1.Form longitudinal axis of body 2.Support head, neck, and trunk 3.Protect brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. Figure 7.1a The human skeleton. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Skull Thoracic cage (ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae) Vertebral column Sacrum Anterior view

6. Figure 7.1b The human skeleton. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranium Clavicle Scapula Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Tibia Lower limb Bones of pelvic girdle Upper limb Bones of pectoral girdle Posterior view Fibula

7. 7.1 The Skull Skull is most complex bony structure in body Formed by two sets of bones: 1.Cranial bones (cranium) Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 7.1 The Skull 2.Facial bones Form framework of face Contain cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell Provide openings for air and food passage Secure teeth Anchor facial muscles used for facial expression –Most skull bones are flat and firmly locked together (except for mandible) Joints are called sutures –Have a serrated, saw-tooth appearance © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Figure 7.2a The skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of cranium Coronal suture Squamous suture Facial bones Lambdoid suture Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

10. Overview of Skull Geography Facial bones form anterior aspect, with cranium forming the rest of skull Cranium is divided into a vault and a base –Cranial vault (calvaria) forms superior, lateral, and posterior portion of skull, as well as forehead –Cranial base forms inferior aspect of skull Internally base is divided into three “steps,” or fossae: anterior, middle, posterior fossae Brain sits within these fossae, enclosed by cranium vault –Area referred to as cranial cavity © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Figure 7.2b The skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Superior view of the cranial fossae

12. Figure 7.2c The skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal lobe of cerebrum Temporal lobe of cerebrum Cerebellum Posterior Middle Anterior Cranial fossae Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained brain regions

13. Overview of Skull Geography (cont.) Cranium also contains other cavities: –Middle and internal ear cavities –Nasal cavity –Orbits that house eyeballs Skull has 85 named openings –Foramina, canals, fissures –Provide passageways for spinal cord, major blood vessels, and the 12 cranial nerves © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Vomer Mandible Oral cavity Orbit Cranial cavity Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Maxillary sinus Nasal cavity

15. Cranium Cranium is comprised of eight cranial bones: –Frontal bone –Parietal bones (two—left and right) –Occipital bone –Temporal bones (two—left and right) –Sphenoid bone –Ethmoid bone © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Cranium (cont.) Frontal bone: shell-shaped bone forms anterior portion of cranium –Vertical part, called squamous region, is also known as the forehead –Inferior portion ends at supraorbital margins Area underneath eyebrows –Forms superior wall of the orbits and most of anterior cranial fossa –Supraorbital foramen (notch) allows supraorbital artery and nerve to pass to forehead –Glabella is area of frontal bone between orbits Frontal sinuses located just lateral to glabella © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Mandible Anterior view Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Vomer Optic canal Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Mandibular symphysis Mental foramen Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Squamous part of frontal bone

18. Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cribriform foramina Lesser wing Sphenoid Anterior cranial fossa Occipital bone Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Greater wing View Crista galli Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Parietal bone Foramen magnum Cribriform plate

19. Figure 7.7b The base of the cranial cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. View Frontal bone Cribriform foramina Lesser wing Sphenoid Anterior cranial fossa Parietal bone Occipital bone Foramen magnum Photo of superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Greater wing Cribriform plate Crista galli Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Foramen lacerum Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Ethmoid bone

20. Cranium (cont.) Parietal bones and the major sutures –Two large parietal bones form most of superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault –Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones: 1. Coronal suture: between parietal bones and frontal bone 2. Sagittal suture: between right and left parietal bones 3. Lambdoid suture: between parietal bones and occipital bone 4. Squamous (squamosal) sutures: between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Figure 7.2a The skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of cranium Coronal suture Squamous suture Facial bones Lambdoid suture Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

22. Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Parietal bone Sagittal suture Occipital bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Mastoid process of temporal bone

23. Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Squamous suture Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Maxilla Alveolar processes Mandible Mental foramen Parietal bone Temporal bone External anatomy of the right side of the skull Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

24. Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Condylar process Coronal suture Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular angle Zygomatic process Temporal bone Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Coronoid process Photograph of right side of skull Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Alveolar processes

25. Figure 7.5c Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer Maxilla Incisive canal Alveolar processes Mandible Palatine process of maxilla Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Mandibular foramen Palatine bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Squamous suture Lambdoid suture Temporal bone Occipital bone Greater wing Lesser wing Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull

26. Figure 7.5d Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Greater wing of sphenoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Crista galli Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone Petrous part of temporal bone External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica and sphenoidal sinus Photo of skull cut through the midline, same view as in (c)

27. Cranium (cont.) Occipital bone –Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa –Articulates with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones –Foramen magnum: “large hole” through which brain connects with spinal cord Flanked by pair of occipital condyles that articulate with 1st vertebra –Hypoglossal canal allows cranial nerve XII to pass through © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Cranium (cont.) –External occipital protuberance: protrusion just superior to foramen magnum –External occipital crest: ridges that are site of attachment for ligamentum nuchae –Superior and inferior nuchal lines: site of attachment for many neck and back muscles © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Parietal bone Sagittal suture Occipital bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Mastoid process of temporal bone

30. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Styloid process External occipital crest Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Mastoid process Parietal bone Foramen spinosum External occipital protuberance Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (petrous part) Mandibular fossa Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Hard palate Stylomastoid foramen Vomer Basilar part of the occipital bone

31. Figure 7.6b Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Hard palate Zygomatic arch Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Styloid process Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Foramen spinosum Mandibular fossa Mastoid process Foramen ovale Superior nuchal line Photo of inferior view of the skull

32. Cranium (cont.) Temporal bones: paired bones that make up inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial base –Three major regions: 1. Squamous: zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch and mandibular fossa makes up part of temporomandibular joint 2. Tympanic: surround external acoustic meatus (external ear canal) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Cranium (cont.) 3. Petrous: houses middle and internal ear cavities –Makes up part of the middle cranial fossa –Several foramina penetrate petrous region: »Jugular foramen allows passage of three cranial nerves »Carotid canal: passageway for internal carotid artery »Foramen lacerum: jagged opening covered by cartilage in living human »Internal acoustic meatus and styloidmastoid foramen: cranial nerve passageways –Mastoid and styloid processes: areas for attachment of several neck and tongue muscles © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Squamous suture Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Maxilla Alveolar processes Mandible Mental foramen Parietal bone Temporal bone External anatomy of the right side of the skull Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

35. Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Condylar process Coronal suture Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Occipital bone Mastoid process Styloid process Mandibular angle Zygomatic process Temporal bone Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Coronoid process Photograph of right side of skull Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Alveolar processes

36. Figure 7.8 The temporal bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Squamous part External acoustic meatus Petrous part Mastoid process Styloid process Tympanic part Mandibular fossa Zygomatic process

37. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Styloid process External occipital crest Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Mastoid process Parietal bone Foramen spinosum External occipital protuberance Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (petrous part) Mandibular fossa Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Hard palate Stylomastoid foramen Vomer Basilar part of the occipital bone

38. Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cribriform foramina Lesser wing Sphenoid Anterior cranial fossa Occipital bone Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Greater wing View Crista galli Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Parietal bone Foramen magnum Cribriform plate

39. Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.1 Mastoid process contains cavities (sinuses) called mastoid air cells Mastoiditis can develop if a middle ear infection spreads into mastoid process area Mastoid air cells are separated from brain by a very thin bony plate, increasing chances that the infection could spread to brain © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. Cranium (cont.) Sphenoid bone: complex, bat-shaped bone –Keystone bone that articulates with all other cranial bones –Sphenoidal sinuses found within body of sphenoid –Body also includes sella turcica prominence that includes hypophyseal fossa area enclosing the pituitary gland © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Cranium (cont.) Sphenoid contains three pairs of processes: –Greater wings –Lesser wings –Pterygoid processes Sphenoid contains several foramina: –Optic canals: allow passage of optic nerves –Superior orbital fissure: cranial nerve passage –Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale: also passageways for cranial nerves –Foramen spinosum: opening for arteries © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Pterygoid process Posterior view Greater wing Superior view Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Greater wing Body of sphenoid Optic canal

43. Cranium (cont.) Ethmoid bone: deepest skull bone –Superior part formed by paired cribriform plates that also form roof of nasal cavity and floor of anterior cranial fossa –Crista galli: triangular process that is point of attachment for brain’s dura mater covering –Perpendicular plate: forms superior part of nasal septum and is flanked by lateral masses that contain sinuses called ethmoidal air cells Lateral masses extend medially to form superior and middle nasal conchae –Orbital plates contribute to medial wall of orbits © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Left lateral mass Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate Ethmoidal air cells Orbital plate Cribriform plate with cribriform foramina Crista galli

45. Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Mandible Anterior view Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Vomer Optic canal Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Mandibular symphysis Mental foramen Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Squamous part of frontal bone

46. Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Cribriform foramina Lesser wing Sphenoid Anterior cranial fossa Occipital bone Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Greater wing View Crista galli Optic canal Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Foramen lacerum Internal acoustic meatus Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Middle cranial fossa Temporal bone (petrous part) Posterior cranial fossa Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Parietal bone Foramen magnum Cribriform plate

47. Cranium (cont.) Sutural bones –Tiny, irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures –Significance is unknown, as not everyone has these © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Parietal bone Sagittal suture Occipital bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture External occipital crest Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Mastoid process of temporal bone

49. Facial Bones Facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones, 12 of which are paired (mandible and vomer are single) Mandible Maxillary bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Nasal bones (2) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2)

50. Facial Bones (cont.) Mandible: largest, strongest bone of face –U-shaped lower jawbone made up of body (chin) and two upright rami Mandibular angle: point where rami and chin meet Coronoid process: superior end of rami serves as insertion point for large temporalis muscle Condylar process: posterior to coronoid forms part of temporomandibular joint –Mandibular notch: separates processes Body consists of alveolar process that contains sockets for teeth and mandibular symphysis ridge Foramina include mandibular (for nerves) and mental foramina (for nerves and blood vessels) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Alveolar process Mental foramen Body of mandible Mandibular angle Ramus of mandible Condylar process Mandibular notch Temporomandibular joint Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Mandible, right lateral view

52. Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Mandible Anterior view Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Vomer Optic canal Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Mandibular symphysis Mental foramen Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Squamous part of frontal bone

53. Facial Bones (cont.) Maxillary bones (maxillae): medially fused to form upper jaw and central facial skeleton –Upper teeth held in alveolar processes –Anterior nasal spine forms just below nose –Palatine process forms two-thirds of hard palate –Frontal process: forms lateral bridge of nose –Zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bones –Maxillary sinuses: flank nasal cavity laterally © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

54. Facial Bones (cont.) –Openings for nerves and blood vessels include: Inferior orbital fissure Infraorbital foramen Incisive fossa and canal © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

55. Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Orbital surface Zygomatic process (cut) Maxilla, right lateral view Alveolar process Anterior nasal spine Infraorbital foramen Frontal process Articulates with frontal bone

56. Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Mandible Anterior view Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Vomer Optic canal Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Mandibular symphysis Mental foramen Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Squamous part of frontal bone

57. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Styloid process External occipital crest Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Mastoid process Parietal bone Foramen spinosum External occipital protuberance Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (petrous part) Mandibular fossa Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Hard palate Stylomastoid foramen Vomer Basilar part of the occipital bone

58. Facial Bones (cont.) Zygomatic bones –Form cheekbones and inferolateral margins of orbits –Articulate with zygomatic processes of temporal, frontal, and maxillary bones © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

59. Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Mandible Anterior view Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Vomer Optic canal Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Mandibular symphysis Mental foramen Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Squamous part of frontal bone

60. Facial Bones (cont.) Nasal bones –Form bridge of nose –Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones –Attach to cartilage that forms tip of nose Lacrimal bones –Form medial walls of orbits –Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones –Lacrimal fossa that houses lacrimal sac allows passageway for tears to drain © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

61. Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Parietal bone Nasal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Mandible Anterior view Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Vomer Optic canal Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone Mandibular symphysis Mental foramen Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Squamous part of frontal bone

62. Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid process Zygomatic process Squamous suture Condylar process Mandibular notch Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle Coronoid process Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone Maxilla Alveolar processes Mandible Mental foramen Parietal bone Temporal bone External anatomy of the right side of the skull Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

63. Facial Bones (cont.) Palatine bones –L-shaped bones made from two bony plates Horizontal plate: completes posterior one-third of hard palate Perpendicular plate: forms part of posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits Vomer –Plow-shaped bone; forms part of nasal septum © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

64. Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Incisive fossa Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Occipital bone Styloid process External occipital crest Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Mastoid process Parietal bone Foramen spinosum External occipital protuberance Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone (petrous part) Mandibular fossa Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Maxilla (palatine process) Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Hard palate Stylomastoid foramen Vomer Basilar part of the occipital bone

65. Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Maxillary bone (palatine process) Anterior nasal spine Sphenoidal sinus Pterygoid process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Sphenoid bone Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

66. Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Alveolar process of maxilla Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla Hard palate Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage

67. Facial Bones (cont.) Inferior nasal conchae –Paired bones that form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity –Largest of three pairs of conchae Ethmoid bone forms other two pairs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

68. Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Maxillary bone (palatine process) Anterior nasal spine Sphenoidal sinus Pterygoid process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Sphenoid bone Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

69. The Hyoid Bone Not a bone of skull Lies in anterior neck inferior to mandible Only bone in body that does not articulate directly with another bone –Anchored by ligaments Acts as a movable base for tongue and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

70. Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Greater horn Lesser horn Body

71. Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity Orbits –Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands –Sites of attachment for eye muscles –Formed by parts of seven bones Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

72. Figure 7.13a Bones that form the orbits. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Photograph, right orbit

73. Figure 7.13b Bones that form the orbits. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateral wall of orbit Inferior orbital fissure Optic canal Medial wall Sphenoid body Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Frontal process of maxilla Lacrimal bone Superior orbital fissure Supraorbital notch Roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Orbital plate of frontal bone Zygomatic process of frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit Nasal bone Floor of orbit Orbital process of palatine bone Orbital surface of maxillary bone Zygomatic bone

74. Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity (cont.) Nasal cavity: formed by parts of several bones –Roof: cribriform plates of ethmoid –Lateral walls: superior and middle conchae of ethmoid, perpendicular plates of palatine and Inferior nasal conchae Spaces between conchae called meatuses Conchae increase turbulence of air flow –Floor: processes of palatine and maxillary bones –Nasal septum Bony posterior formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid Anterior formed by septal cartilage © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

75. Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Maxillary bone (palatine process) Anterior nasal spine Sphenoidal sinus Pterygoid process Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) Sphenoid bone Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)

76. Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Frontal sinus Nasal bone Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Alveolar process of maxilla Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla Hard palate Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage

77. Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity (cont.) Paranasal sinuses: formed from five skull bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones –All contain mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces –Functions: Warm and humidify air Help to lighten skull Enhance resonance of voice © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

78. Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Anterior aspect

79. Figure 7.15b Paranasal sinuses. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Medial aspect