1. Quick Review 1 Mrs. Lehman SBHS

2. Early civilizations 1.Toward Civilization 1.Pre-History-3000 B.C. 2.First Civilizations: Africa and Asia 1.3200 B.C. -500 B.C. 3.Early Civilizations in India and China 1.2600 B.C.-256 B.C.

3. The growth of farming About 10,000 years ago nomadic people started to learn to farm. They started to produce their own food and could now live in one place. This ushered in the New Stone Age, or Neolithic Period. The world population started to grow and there was more interaction among humans. The people started to herd animals to pen them in. This allowed them to sustain meat instead of waiting for migration routes. Gender roles started to establish and small councils formed to make important decisions. When communities would go to war they would often pick a chief. The status of women declined during this period.

4. Beginnings of civilization There are eight common features that are common to most early civilizations. 1.Cities 2.Well-organized central governments 3.Complex religions 4.Job specialization 5.Social classes 6.Arts and architecture 7.Public works 8.writing In Africa and Asia cities formed along fertile lands along the rivers. People were able to work at other things besides farming. Life started to dramatically change.

5. Organized governments Farmers started to work together to help control floods and channel water to fields. They built dikes, dug canals, and ditches through organization. These projects required the cities to elect leadership that would grow to be powerful and complex. Overtime these government bureaucracies grew. Social Classes Social organization began to rank people in social classes according to their jobs. Priests and nobles were the highest, wealthy merchants next, followed by artisans, the rest of the people were peasant farmers. Peasant farmers made up the majority of the population. Writing emerged as pictographs. People who learned to read and write became scribes.

6. The first empires Rulers became very powerful and conquered new lands. Many turned into empires. Most of these empires were built through painful death of the conquered peoples.

7. First civilizations of Africa and Asia Ancient kingdoms of the Nile About 5,000 years ago farming communities had to form together to control yearly floods. Two large societies started to form and King Menes united them. Ancient Egypt is divided into three main periods. 1.Old kingdom (2575-2130 B.C.) 2.Middle Kingdom (1938-1630 B.C.) 3.New Kingdom (1539-1075 B.C.) Pharaohs ruled during the old kingdom, during the middle and new kingdoms the Egyptians dealt with war and trade. Cultural diffusion helped the Egyptian Empire grow. Egyptian civilization Egyptians worshipped many gods and built elaborate tombs to preserve their bodies. Society was formed into classes, and the pharaoh was considered a god. Nobles were next in the hierarchy followed by merchants and artisans with farmers and slaves at the bottom.

8. City-States of Ancient Sumer More than 5,000 years ago the city-states of Sumer started to form. They would build ziggurats out of clay bricks. The war leaders gained power and a hierarchy was established. Scribes started writing in cuneiform.

9. Invaders, Traders, and Empires The land of Mesopotamia was geographically advantageous to invaders. And Sargon, the ruler of Akkad, conquered Sumer in 2300 B.C. and built the first empire known to history. By 1790 B.C. the King of Babylon, Hammurabi, took over much of Mesopotamia and introduced the first set of laws. In 539 B.C. Persia took over Babylon and new ideas started to spread, libraries opened, alphabets adapted and trade improved.

10. The Roots of Judaism Hebrews practiced monotheism and recorded events and laws. Prophets would lead the Hebrews in worshipping God and following laws and ethics. By 1000 B.C. the Kingdom of Israel was established led by King Solomon. Soon invading armies conquered the Hebrews. Due to being conquered the Diaspora took place and Hebrews left and settled in small communities.

11. Early Civilizations in India and China Cities of the Indus Valley The first Indian civilization formed in 2600 B.C. by the Indus River. Their cities were carefully planned with city blocks. Houses and plumbing were built. Most people were farmers, but the quality of life started to diminish by 1750 B.C. and people started to abandon cities. Kingdoms of the Ganges People started to migrate to Northwest India and Central Asia. The spoke an english- like language. People started to mix with other residents and intermarry. The Aryans started to make iron tools and built walled cities.

12. Kingdoms of the Ganges Society People were divided into social classes with priests being the highest-ranking. Warrior were second, the third tier was the herders, farmers, artisans and merchants. The bottom class was made of farmworkers, servants and laborers. Religious Beliefs Aryans practice polytheism. They eventually believed in a Brahman power and believed in all living things. Some Aryans became Mystics.

13. Early Civilizations in China Geography Barriers blocked the Chinese from outside invaders but were still able to trade with the rest of the world. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties In 1650 B.C. the Shang came to power in China. In 1027 B.C. the Zhou people overthrew the Shang Dynasty. The rise and fall of the Chinese empires created a dynastic cycle.

14. Early Civilizations in China Religion Chinese dynasties over time worshipped and respected ancestors. They would ask for good fortune, and believed in the balance between yin and yang. Science and Technology Shang and Zhou Dynasties both studied planets, recorded eclipses and created an accurate calendar. The Zhou wrote some of the first books known to civilizations.

15. Vocabulary NomadsA person who moves from place to place in search of food BureaucracyA system of managing government through specialized departments run by appointed officials ArtisansA skilled craftsperson PictographsA simple drawing that looks like the object it represents EmpireA group of stats or territories controlled by one ruler PharaohsTitle of the rulers of ancient Egypt Cultural DiffusionNew ideas, customs and technologies spreading from one people to another City-StateA political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands ZigguratsA large, stepped platform though to have been topped by a temple dedicated to a city’s chief god or goddess.

16. Vocabulary HierarchyA system of ranking groups CuneiformIn the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge shaped marks ScribesA person specially trained to read, write and keep notes MonotheisticBelieving in one god ProphetsA spiritual leader who interprets God’s will EthicsMoral standards of behavior DiasporaThe spreading of the Jews beyond their historic homeland Judeo-ChristianA shared heritage of Jews and Christians in the West that teaches the ethical worldview developed by the Israelites CastesIn Indian society, an unchangeable social group into which a person is born

17. Vocabulary PolytheisticBelieving in many gods. BrahmanIn the belief system established in Aryan India, the single spiritual power that resides in all things MysticsPerson who devote their lives to seeking direction communion with divine forces DynastyThe time during which one family rules Dynastic CycleRise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven.